A note on the integrability of partial-equilibrium measures of the welfare costs of inflation

Multidimensional measures of the welfare costs of inflation have been employed in the literature without an explicit concern of how the demand for the respective monetary assets are generated and without an investigation of the respective integrability conditions. This note establishes conditions under which such welfare measures are well defined.     

RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED WITHIN THE U.S. CREDIT UNION INDUSTRY

This paper reports the findings of a national survey regarding the financial management practices of United States credit unions. The US credit union industry is clearly in a period of transition. The study indicates that the way in which credit unions approach financial management may have a decided impact on how successful the industry adjusts to deregulated marketplaces. The research highlights the importance of managed growth through selective product diversification, identification of profitable market niches, and the use of modern risk management techniques.     

Individual Executive Characteristics: Explaining the Divergence Between Perceptual and Financial Measures in Nonprofit Organizations

Significant research has found that corporations have a social responsibility beyond maximizing shareholders' value. This study examines the effect of high-profile corporate bankruptcies on perception of corporate social responsibility. Undergraduate and graduate business students rated the importance of corporate social responsibility on profitability, long-term success and short-term success, before and after high-profile bankruptcies. The results indicated that students in general perceived corporate social responsibility to be more important to profitability and long-term success of the firm and less important to short-term success after media publicity of corporate scandals. Several demographic factors such as gender, age and college major played a role in this perception. These findings have important implications for business education, especially as it relates to corporate social responsibility.     

Capitalist development and agrarian structure in Brazil

Les tendences divergeantes de la structure agraire dans diverses parties du Brésil sont le thème de cet article. Le développement capitaliste dans les régions rurales de São Paolo, et la préservation/destruction des formes archaïques de production dans le nord-est sont analysés en terme des catégories et stages de développement capitaliste qui évoluent au pays. En considérant ce dernier dans son ensemble, une attention particulière est donnée à l'état. Depuis le début de l'industrialisation, l'industrie et l'agriculture ont toujours eu une relation ambiguë et contradictoire, et ceçi à la fois dans l'exportation et dans les marchés internes. Ceçi explique le caractère composite de l'état et la préservation d'une agriculture primitive. La préservation de la grande entreprise agro-merchantile et des formes archaïques de l'agriculture avait des fonctions distinctes pour l'accumulation du capital dans les secteurs non-agraires. Cet article examine aussi les tendances les plus récentes dans l'organisation agraire en relation avec les caractéristiques spécifiques de la nouvelle étape acquise par le capitalisme au Brésil. Une fois de plus, Côte à côte avec l'accroissement de la c?apitalisme agraire, dans la région de São Paolo (suivit par l'émergence d'un proletariat rural plus pur, la méchanisation massive et l'augmentation rapide de la composition organique du capital agraire), se produit l'extension et la récréation continuelle de la paysannerie latifundia dans les régions éloignées du pays. Un tel développement inégal dans les régions rurales coexiste avec le développement capitaliste dans son ensemble.     

How Latin American Students Perceive American Advertising

The study reported here was designed to examine the attitudes of Latin American students toward American advertising. The attitudes of 188 Latin American students were investigated, and comparisons were made with a matched sample of 193 American students. The results showed that the Latin American students' attitudes toward advertising were different from those of their American counterparts. Latin American students were more likely to have stronger attitudes, both favorable and unfavorable, toward specific social and economic dimensions of advertising. Attitudes expressed by Latin American students were not related to their length of stay in the United States.     

A note on “Inflation and Welfare”

This note provides an analytical confirmation and a refinement of [Lucas Jr., R.E., 2000. Inflation and welfare. Econometrica 68 (62), 247–274 (March)] numerical findings regarding the characterization of optimality in the shopping-time model presented in that paper. The original numerical analysis concludes that a coefficient of risk aversion (σ) greater than 0.01 is sufficient for optimality. Here we use Arrow’s sufficiency theorem to confirm this result and, more importantly, to show without more calculations how changes in parameters can affect it.     

Portfolio Considerations in the Valuation of Real Estate

When a real asset rises in price faster than inflation (as real estate did in the late 1970s) and rises significantly in price over an extended period (as real estate has done for the last decade and one-half), it concerns valuation and investment professionals who fear about it being over-valued. One of the reasons for such price performance may be an increase in demand due to the portfolio characteristics of the asset during the period of time in question. For real estate this means the proportion included in optimal portfolios should be significant and increasing as individual tax rates increase in an environment of increasing average tax rates.
This study uses six tax brackets (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) and portfolios consisting of three traditional assets (NYSE common stocks, corporate bonds and small stocks) plus three types of real estate (residential, business and farmland) to demonstrate that this is what has transpired in the real estate markets. Optimal portfolio weights are derived for each asset for after-tax portfolios. Real estate in general and residential real estate especially increased as a proportion of the optimal after-tax portfolio as individual tax rates increased. Other studies are used to demonstrate an environment of increasing average tax rates.     

On the integrability of money-demand functions by the Sidrauski and the shopping-time models

This paper investigates which properties money-demand functions must satisfy so that they are consistent with Lucas’s [Lucas Jr., R.E., 2000. Inflation and welfare. Econometrica 68, 247–274] versions of the Sidrauski and the shopping-time models. We conclude that shopping-time-integrable money-demand functions are necessarily also Sidrauski-integrable, but that the converse is not necessarily true, unless a boundedness assumption on the nominal interest rate is made. Both the log–log with an interest-rate elasticity greater than or equal to one and the semi-log money demands may serve as counterexamples. All the models and results are also extended to the case in which there are several assets in the economy performing monetary functions.     

The Effect of Alternative Return Measures on Restricted Mixed-Asset Portfolios

A restricted portfolio is constructed which includes NYSE common stocks, corporate bonds, government bonds, small capitalization common stocks, residential real estate and farmland and returns for each of four different tax brackets (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%). Next, three alternative measures of rates of return for residential real estate and farmland are used. Finally, since some researchers believe that standard risk measures (variance and standard deviation) do not capture the total risk in real estate, the risk for the real estate returns is increased five times while the returns are held constant. The twenty–four optimal portfolios (four tax brackets with two measures of risk and three measure of return for residential real estate and farmland) are then derived. These results are then compared and contrasted to each other to ascertain the change in sensitivity of the optimal portfolios due to different tax rates, different rates–of–return estimates and different risk estimates.     

Management,productivity, and technology choices: evidence from U.S. mining schools

A key difference between managers and other production inputs is that managers choose the other inputs. Modelling management as a Hicks-neutral productivity shifter, which is a common practice, omits the productivity returns from these input decisions. I illustrate this through a historical episode in which technology choices were important and managers plausibly influenced those choices. I study the entry of the first mining college graduates into coal mine management positions in Pennsylvania. Whereas the Hicks-neutral productivity effect of these managers was negative and not significantly different from zero, their indirect productivity effect through electrical locomotive adoption was 3% on average.