Assessing the Effect of Bilateral Collaborations on Learning Outcomes

Despite recent interest in the effects of student-driven collaborations on learning outcomes, little or no empirical investigations examine the potential benefits from collaboration between instructors of separate, but related, courses. This study proposes a learning intervention that explicitly accounts for interdependencies across courses and extends the traditional definition of collaborative learning to include the synthesis of teaching and learning in four courses through bilateral, group activities between instructors and among students. A student-performance measure assesses the intervention. Statistical results suggest that the collaborative learning intervention improved student-writing performance.     

The Causal Structure of Land Price Determinants

This paper investigates causation contemporaneously and dynamically to elucidate the persistent lack of agreement about what "causes" changes in farmland prices. The analysis synthesizes and extends previous investigations in this area by employing a combination of directed acyclic graphs (DAG), a recently developed modeling technique, and cointegrated VAR model. DAG theory and algorithms offer a powerful tool for analyzing contemporaneous causal relationships among economic variables. The results from this study confirm the importance of measures of return to farming, financial (credit market constraints) and/or macroeconomic activity as significant determinants of fluctuations in farmland prices.
Le présent article examine la causalité de façon contemporaine et dynamique pour élucider le manque persistant de consensus quant aux causes de variations du prix des terres. L'analyse est une synthèse des études antérieures de même qu'un prolongement effectuéà l'aide d'une combinaison de graphes acycliques orientés (DAG), technique de modélisation mise au point récemment, et du modèle VAR cointégré. La théorie des DAG et les algorithmes constituent un outil puissant pour analyser les liens causals contemporains des variables économiques. Les résultats confirment l'importance du rendement de l'activité agricole, des contraintes financières (contraintes du crédit) et/ou de l'activité macroéconomique comme déterminants significatifs des variations du prix des terres agricoles.     

Synthesizing R&D planning and business strategy: some preliminary findings

The need for firms to compete in the longer run by offering superior products at competitive prices requires better integration of R&D, and technology in general, into business strategy development. A survey based on personal interviews of 40 respondents from “Fortune 500” U. S. industrial firms reveals that their shift in emphasis toward new product/process R&D is providing the impetus for placing R&D in a strategic context. However, R&D has not been fully integrated into the strategic planning process of many organizations. The results of the survey reveal that certain communication channels can be more fully utilized to meld R&D planning into business strategy. Specific suggestions to facilitate information exchange, dissemination of planning data, and integration of various R&D plans into a cohesive technology strategy are given.     

Synthesizing R&D planning and business strategy: some preliminary findings

The need for firms to compete in the longer run by offering superior products at competitive prices requires better integration of R&D, and technology in general, into business strategy development. A survey based on personal interviews of 40 respondents from "Fortune 500" U. S. industrial firms reveals that their shift in emphasis toward new product/process R&D is providing the impetus for placing R&D in a strategic context. However, R&D has not been fully integrated into the strategic planning process of many organizations. The results of the survey reveal that certain communication channels can be more fully utilized to meld R&D planning into business strategy. Specific suggestions to facilitate information exchange, dissemination of planning data, and integration of various R&D plans into a cohesive technology strategy are given.     

Does Agriculture Really Matter for Economic Growth in Developing Countries?

This paper revisits the debate on the role of agriculture in promoting economic growth in a selection of nine developing countries. We investigated the causal linkages between agriculture and gross domestic product growth with the aid of directed acyclic graphs, a recently developed algorithm of inductive causation. The results suggest that while agriculture could be an engine of economic growth, the impact varies across countries. In some cases, we found strong evidence in support of the agriculture‐led growth hypothesis. In contrast, the results for some other countries indicate that having a vibrant aggregate economy is a prerequisite for agricultural development.     

Models of innovation and sub-saharan Africa's development tragedy

There is growing consensus that technological innovation, however defined, is critical for rapid economic development. However, opinions are divided regarding the kind of innovation that drives economic developmt and how to bring it about. This paper examines three dominant models of innovation that can be characterized as the US, the European (or early industrial revolution) and the development-driven models respectiveb. The first seems to be fuelled by highly qualified scientists, engineers and technologists and is sustained by large R&D spending a derivative of the mission-oriented aerospace armaments efforts of the US government. The second emanates from the munificent environment of a shared technical culture which produces a large number of practically trained entrepreneurs and workforces from an educational system that is biased towards hands-on technical apprenticeship, vocational and technological training. This second model emphasizes broad tacit skills, versatilip and agilip in learning new skills, innovation sharing and intense interaction among the entrepreneur, the workforce, the customers and other producers. While in the first model innovation develops in a deterministic trend towards Fordist/Taylorist mass production, the second it characterized as 'mass customization'where customer preferences are factored into production rather than controlled or ipnored even when large quantities of output are involved. The third model is a decision model which is based largely on the transfer, adoption, adaptation and design of existing knowledge. While the first model is always at the leading edge of technology, the third is based on the ability to learn, use and adapt new knowledge without necessarily contributing to it. R&D in the third model is carried out mainly to facilitate learning and improve the bargaining position ofthe adopter. Each model has far-reaching implicationr for sub-Saharan Africa. Some of the implications are sugested in this paper.     

Structural change and international stock market interdependence: Evidence from Asian emerging markets

This study investigates the evolving pattern of the interdependence among selected Asian emerging markets and three major stock markets (Japan, UK and US). Using rolling cointegration methods and the recently developed algorithms of inductive causation, we found that time-varying cointegration relationships exist among these stock markets. The results indicate that the wave of financial liberalization policies in the early 1990s led to a significant increase in market linkages which was later weakened during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Furthermore, the data indicate that Japan and the US have the greatest influence on the emerging markets while the influence of Singapore and Thailand has increased since the Asian financial crisis.