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Recycling of packaging material has become more or less mandatory in many European countries, including Norway. Through so-called voluntary agreements quantitative targets are set for the proportion of total waste to be recycled. At the same time the strategic objective for Norwegian waste policy is that there should be a socio-economic balance between different waste treatment options. On the basis of a cost-benefit analysis it is questioned whether the Norwegian recycling policy for liquid board containers really is cost-effective. The calculations show that the net social costs of the recycling system in 1999 amounted to EUR3.5 million. The high cost is due to the fact that these containers constitute a small fraction of total waste from the household and that it is costly to separate it from other waste. The environmental costs from landfilling or incineration are small compared to the costs of recycling. The best alternative, according to our analysis, is to incinerate the containers with energy recovery. 相似文献
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Internet is an increasingly popular data collection mode for stated preference research in environmental economics. However, little is known about how this survey mode may influence data quality and welfare estimates. As part of a national contingent valuation (CV) survey estimating willingness to pay (WTP) for biodiversity protection plans, we assign two groups of respondents either to an Internet or face-to-face (in-home) interview mode. Our design aims to better isolate measurement effects from sample composition effects by drawing both samples from the same sample frame. We find little evidence of social desirability bias in the interview setting or satisficing (shortcutting the response process) in the Internet survey. The share of “don't knows”, zeros and protest responses to the WTP question with a payment card is very similar between modes and equality of mean WTP cannot be rejected. Results are fairly encouraging for the use of Internet in CV as stated preferences do not seem to be significantly different or biased compared to face-to-face interviews. 相似文献
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Forest owners’ willingness to accept compensation for voluntary conservation: A contingent valuation approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To avoid conflicts often associated with mandatory regulations, it is crucial to motivate and incentivize forest owners to participate in voluntary conservation programs. To investigate forest owner preferences and willingness to accept compensation (WTA) to participate, we conduct a contingent valuation survey of non-industrial private forest owners in Norway. We find that WTA is negatively related to the size of the forest holding and absentee ownership, and positively related to the share of the forest classified as productive. The overall mean WTA per year per hectare is estimated at NOK 1800. Costs of reaching conservation goals can be saved by targeting small and relatively less productive forests and absentee owners first, before considering increasingly expensive forest areas. However, this recommendation only holds if desirable biological characteristics are not substantially less likely to be found in such areas. Results are potentially important both for our understanding of forest owner preferences and the costs of voluntary forest conservation schemes currently in use in many countries. 相似文献
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The aggregate welfare measure for a change in the provision of a public good derived from a contingent valuation (CV) survey
will be higher if the same elicited mean willingness to pay (WTP) is added up over individuals rather than households. A trivial
fact, however, once respondents are part of multi-person households, it becomes almost impossible to elicit an “uncontaminated”
WTP measure that with some degree of confidence can be aggregated over one or the other response unit. The literature is mostly
silent about which response unit to use in WTP questions, and in some CV studies it is even unclear which type has actually
been applied. We test for differences between individual and household WTP in a novel, web-administered, split-sample CV survey
asking WTP for preserving biodiversity in old-growth forests in Norway. Two samples are asked both types of questions, but
in reverse order, followed by a question with an item battery trying to reveal why WTP may differ. We find in a test between
samples that the WTP respondents state on behalf of their households is not significantly different from their individual
WTP. However, within the same sample, household WTP is significantly higher than individual WTP; in particular if respondents
are asked to state individual before household WTP. Our results suggest that using individual WTP as the response unit may
overestimate aggregate WTP. Thus, the choice of response format needs to be explicitly and carefully addressed in CV questionnaire
design and further research in order to avoid the risk of unprofitable projects passing the benefit-cost test.
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20 years of stated preference valuation of non-timber benefits from Fennoscandian forests: A meta-analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stated preference (SP) surveys have been conducted to value non-timber benefits (NTBs) from forests in Norway, Sweden and Finland for about 20 years. The paper first reviews the literature and summarises methodological traditions in SP research in the three countries. Second, a meta-regression analysis is conducted explaining systematic variation in Willingness-to-Pay (WTP). Two important conclusions emerge, with relevance for future research: (1) WTP is found to be insensitive to the size of the forest, casting doubt on the use of simplified WTP/area measures for complex environmental goods; and (2) WTP tends to be higher if people are asked as individuals rather than on behalf of their household. 相似文献
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Sandorf Erlend Dancke Grimsrud Kristine Lindhjem Henrik 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2022,81(4):807-832
Environmental and Resource Economics - Stated preference surveys are increasingly conducted online using internet panel samples, where a fast-growing share of respondents answer on smartphones.... 相似文献
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