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1.
The Urgent Issues Group (UIG) was established in 1994 to overcome the inability of Australian standard-setters to deal promptly with significant reporting issues. One of its first issues was accounting for restoration obligations, with the subsequent issue in August 1995 of UIG Abstract 4 Disclosure of Accounting Policies for Restoration Obligations in the Extractive Industries. This study reports on the effect of the introduction of UIG 4 on the reporting practices of companies in the extractive industries. Despite an increase in the number of companies disclosing their accounting policy and the level of information provided, the comparability, and therefore usefulness, of disclosure after the introduction of UIG 4 is still questionable. 相似文献
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Abstract The evolution of the collective enterprise may be conceptualized in three phases throwing into relief five strategies for the creation of value. The first corresponds to the emergence of a collective enterprise, an innovation in itself. The second, the spread of the innovation by replication, is linked to federalization and to the beginning of standardization. The tension between innovation and standardization begin to make a difference as early as this replication phase, but later it becomes more critical. It forces the collective enterprise to avoid wholesale standardization, an outmoded option, and instead allows space for considering one of the two strategies for the creation of value in keeping both with its distinctive social economy identity and with the new strategic approaches centred on the competences of the enterprise and the creation of value for the user. Thus, the collective user enterprise may move forward by focusing, i.e., by even greater innovation in its provision for a target group of members. The collective enterprise may also progress by hybridization, i.e., through re‐combining in a better way the innovation and standardization required to respond, effectively and efficiently, to a group of owners that is not only very large, but also highly diversified. The authors identify the organizational configuration for each pattern of value‐creation by concentrating on governance structures and the role of managers . 相似文献
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An important role of managers is to motivate subordinates. Monetaryrewards have been the focus of economic analysis. Managers alsouse other means to influence subordinates. If a manager canbetter assess the subordinate's ability than the subordinatehimself, and if ability and effort are complements, the managerfinds it hard not to overstate a junior's ability. Talk is cheap.We analyze under what conditions a manager can use organizationalpractices such as delegation and the selective provision ofattention to credibly communicate his assessment. We comparetheir desirability. Delegation is preferable in case the manager'sassessment is fairly accurate; attention is inescapable if itis inaccurate. 相似文献
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Franck Galtier Fran?ois Bousquet Martine Antona Pierre Bommel 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(1):161-201
As the information relative to endowments, costs and preferences is dispersed among many agents, the quality of resource allocation
depends on the ability of markets to communicate information inside the economic system. Because information is transferred
through negotiation and transaction behaviors, the network of trading relations defines the channels through which it flows.
In the present study, we use new computational tools to analyze the performance of two wholesale trade institutions widely
used around the world: network trading and marketplace trading. Whilst network trading and marketplace trading disseminate
far fewer bits of information than a perfectly transparent benchmark market, they often manage to generate an allocation of
resources that is almost as good. In many cases, network trading proves more effective than marketplace trading (contrary
to a common preconception). This surprising performance of network trading is linked to a form of indirect arbitrage induced
by connections between networks. Implications for market design and public policy making are presented, along with prospects
for further research. 相似文献
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H. -A. Wagener Lex Hoogduin Harry Garretsen H. Visser P. L. C. Hilbers F. M. Tempelaar Charles van Marrewijk Georg Tillmann Fredderick van der Ploeg R. P. Zuidema A. R. Thurik A. Heertje Rainer Fremdling F. Hartog Dirk J. Wolfson C. G. M. Sterks Huib van de Stadt A. Szirmai D. P. Keizer 《De Economist》1990,138(2):197-232
10.
Wietske Visser Koen V. Hindriks Catholijn M. Jonker 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2012,21(1):99-127
This paper presents an argumentation-based framework for the modelling of, and automated reasoning about multi-attribute preferences
of a qualitative nature. The framework presents preferences according to the lexicographic ordering that is well-understood
by humans. Preferences are derived in part from knowledge. Knowledge, however, may be incomplete or uncertain. The main contribution
of the paper is that it shows how to reason about preferences when only incomplete or uncertain information is available.
We propose a strategy that allows reasoning with incomplete information and discuss a number of strategies to handle uncertain
information. It is shown how to extend the basic framework for modelling preferences to incorporate these strategies. 相似文献