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Entrepreneurship policy has been criticised for its lack of effectiveness. Some scholars, such as Scott Shane in this journal, have argued that it is ‘bad’ public policy. But this simply begs the question why the legislative process should generate bad policy? To answer this question this study examines the UK’s enterprise policy process in the 2009–2010 period. It suggests that a key factor for the ineffectiveness of policy is how it is formulated. This stage in the policy process is seldom visible to those outside of government departments and has been largely ignored by prior research. The application of institutional theory provides a detailed theoretical understanding of the actors and the process by which enterprise policy is formulated. We find that by opening up the ‘black box’ of enterprise policy formulation, the process is dominated by powerful actors who govern the process with their interests. 相似文献
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Biru Paksha Paul Md. Gazi Salah Uddin Abdullah M. Noman 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(2):229-242
Although the relationship between remittances and output is still inconclusive in literature, most studies find that remittances
have a positive effect on output in the long run. Contrary to this conventional direction of causality from remittances to
output, our study finds that output alone determined long-run movements in remittances in a positive direction in the Bangladesh
economy over the last 35 years from 1976 to 2010. We use the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach
to cointegration to explore this long-run relationship. Surprisingly, remittances do not appear to be a long-run forcing variable
to the explanation of Bangladesh’s output over the same period. While examining the channels of this output–remittance mechanism
remains an area of research for the future, we hypothesize that the rise in remittances in response to increased income occurs
through higher import demand and greater investment opportunities. This finding implies that Bangladeshi policymakers can
influence remittances through national output in the long run. 相似文献
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Noman Arshed Awais Anwar Muhammad Shahid Hassan Samra Bukhari 《Review of Development Economics》2019,23(2):1050-1066
This study develops a quadratic relationship between education and income inequality among Asian developing economies for the period from 1960 to 2015. Panel cointegration and fully modified OLS is applied for the estimation of long‐run coefficients. The results show that initial, primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollment increases inequality. However, the effect of education on income inequality becomes negative after a certain threshold level (i.e., 97.5% for primary, 43.5% for secondary, and 11% for tertiary). Thus, this result proves the Kuznets phenomenon of an inverted U‐shape relationship for primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollments. 相似文献
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This study investigates sustainability of external debt under a two-step non-linear framework. The first step uses a general linearity test proposed by Harvey and Leybourne (2007) to determine the linearity property of external debt. The second step applies a non-linear ADF unit root test proposed by Kapetanios, Shin, and Snell (2003) on the non-liner processes and the linear ADF test on the linear processes to examine the sustainability of external debt. The analysis of 36 debt and 55 current account ratios identifies strong evidence of non-linearity and sustainability. The results indicate superior performance of the non-linear unit root test over the ADF test in determining the stationary property of the data. 相似文献
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Akbar Noman 《World development》1975,3(5):315-328
The economic relations between Pakistan and the socialist countries are examined against their political background. The sharp deterioration in Pakistan's political relations with the socialist countries in the 1950s was accompanied by a contraction in trade, which had almost been a one-way flow until the early 1960s, consisting of Pakistan's exports. The political rapprochement with the socialist countries following the 1962 Sino-Indian clash coincided with a tremendous spurt in trade, largely under the aegis of barter trade agreements. Trade turnover increased fivefold in the sixties and Pakistan became a recipient of socialist aid. An examination of the structure of trade reveals that Pakistan's exports to the socialist countries diversified considerably less than total exports, but that the terms of trade were more favourable. The quantity, kinds, and sources of socialist aid are also examined. 相似文献
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We examine the effect of CEO marital status on corporate cash holdings. Consistent with the classical agency framework, we find that firms with single CEOs hold more cash compared to otherwise similar firms with married CEOs and that the excess cash held by single CEOs is significantly discounted by shareholders. Our findings survive a battery of tests to ease endogeneity and selection bias, confirming that results are not simply reflecting innate heterogeneity in preferences. Overall, our findings indicate that a variable outside the common firm- and macro-level determinants, CEO marital status, can significantly influence corporate policies. 相似文献
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