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1.
This paper analyzes vertical restraints in relation to market access issues. In Section II we briefly review the recent three major trade conflicts between Japan and the USA in light of vertical restraints. In Section III we review the major policy lessons of the economics literature of vertical restraints, and analyze whether we need a special treatment for vertical restraints abroad for a market access reason. In Section IV we evaluate the policy options towards foreign foreclosure and suggest that nondiscriminatory application of foreign or home competition policy should be the mechanism to address such concern instead of trade policy actions such as voluntary import expansions. 相似文献
2.
Sadao Tomizawa Nobuko Miyamoto Kouji Yamamoto Akinobu Sugiyama 《Statistica Neerlandica》2007,61(3):273-283
For square contingency tables with ordered categories, CAUSSINUS [Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Toulouse (1965) Vol. 29, pp. 77–182] and AGRESTI [Statistics and Probability Letters (1983) Vol. 1, pp. 313–316] considered the quasi-symmetry and the linear diagonal-parameter symmetry models, respectively, which have multiplicative forms for cell probabilities. This paper proposes two kinds of models that have the similar multiplicative forms for cumulative probabilities that an observation will fall in row (column) category i or below and column (row) category j (> i ) or above. The endometrial cancer data are analyzed using these models. 相似文献
3.
Using individuals' life‐cycle invention data, we investigate how graduate education affects inventive performance and inventors' abilities to absorb and combine diverse knowledge sources. To control for the endogeneity of educational choice, we use the status of college labor markets as an instrumental variable (IV), specifically the difference between the unemployment rate and its long‐run average rate by academic field. We find that graduate education, induced by the IV, significantly enhances inventive performance and the scope of exploited knowledge, exceeding the levels implied by ordinary least squares. Graduate education can have a significant causal effect on inventive capability and performance. 相似文献
4.
This paper analyzes the competitive impact of the recent import liberalization of the Japanese oil product market. In response to the import liberalization in March 1996, not only did the market price of gasoline decline sharply but also its domestic production kept rising and did not decline relative to imports. Moreover, its price fell substantially before the actual liberalization of the import. This paper demonstrates both theoretically and empirically that the theory of implicit cartel can explain such features of the impact of import liberalization very well. The paper also identifies the significantly positive welfare impact of such liberalization due to the expansion of supply in a market with a large tax wedge between price and cost and, possibly more importantly, due to the transformation of competitive conduct from unproductive investment for cartel-rent shifting into price cuts. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 1999, 13(4), pp. 397–423. Hitotsubashi University; and Keio University. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: L40, F12, K21. 相似文献
5.
We evaluate statistically how the R&D management of a firm affects its research quality. Controlling for technology areas, a firm having short citation lag relative to the prior patent literature has a significantly high patent quality in terms of patent citation and the number of claims per patent, suggesting that the speed of R&D mattes. Such an effect is more significant in IT than in biotechnology & pharmaceuticals. A firm having high citations to the science literature has also a high patent quality, indicating the importance of the capability to use scientific knowledge. Such an effect is significant both in biotechnology & pharmaceuticals and in IT. 相似文献
6.
We have had a spate of works on “Japanese Management” in the world, but very few on “Japanese Accounting”. In this article it is made clear that the functioning of accounting is contingent on the culture in which the accounting systems are incorporated, and that in order to discuss this intermingling of accounting and culture a perspective elaborated in Scandinavia can be relevant despite the uniqueness of Japanese culture. For only non-rationalistic or “naturalistic” perspectives can provide a basis for understanding the cultural dynamics of Japanese organizations and Japanese society. Thus the roles of accounting in Japan go far beyond what has been discussed in accounting textbooks. 相似文献
7.
Katsutoshi Yada Takashi Washio Yasuharu Ukai Hisao Nagaoka 《The Review of Socionetwork Strategies》2009,3(1):19-31
In recent years, financial crises have occurred frequently in each region, and banks are facing harsh management environments.
Bank runs of customers during a financial crisis are one of a bank’s most serious risks. This research aims to build a bank
run model for financial crises, use that model to estimate the amount of deposit funds which flow out, and propose a framework
for financial crisis risk management. The model proposed in this paper enables understanding of the factors which have the
largest impacts on bank runs, providing valuable information for banks to cope with such risks. The model uses survey data,
and clarified that bank runs have differences which depend on customer characteristics and branch location. We understood
that during a financial crisis, an appropriate branch strategy must be adopted depending on the location and customer characteristics
of each bank branch. 相似文献
8.
Junichi Nishimura Yungyun Tsai Sadao Nagaoka 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(7):695-721
ABSTRACTWe assess the impact of initial seeds on the long-run growth of biotechnology startups, including the response of the capital market, in the U.S. and Japan. For this purpose, we collected a comprehensive dataset of the matched sample of listed firms from their foundations to the post-IPO period. We find that the quality of initial seeds predicts significantly both the level and the growth rate of the patent stock as well as those of the asset size of the U.S. startups, even controlling for their alliances and acquisitions, while it predicts only the level of the patent stock for the Japanese startups. Furthermore, the asset growth and the patent stock growth in turn account for the market value performances of the U.S. firms much more significantly than those of the Japanese firms. On the other hand, there are only small differences with respect to the time to IPO and the asset growth through the IPO. These results suggest that higher quality of initial seeds significantly enhanced long-run growth of biotechnology startups in the U.S. but not in Japan, and that the differences in fertility of the initial seeds and in efficiency of the capital market could significantly explain the difference. 相似文献
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10.
Sadao Nagaoka 《Japan and the World Economy》1997,9(4):557-565
This paper, using a Bertrand model of duopoly competition, shows that voluntary import expansion (VIE) forced on consumers, instead of on a producer, is also significantly anticompetitive. VIE causes a higher price as well as higher average cost of supply. When firms can use non-linear pricing, VIE forces marginal cost pricing by the disadvantaged firm, so that it loses incentive for cost-reduction. 相似文献