Theorizing the Politicizing City

This introductory symposium article develops a framework for an urban political reading and a theorization of urban uprisings. We argue that there is a need to foreground the notion of the urban political as central to the theoretical and practical demands of urban research today. First, we revisit critical urban theory in light of recent urban insurrections and point out a lack of sustained theoretical engagement with the political. Second, based on this critique, we argue for what we call a ‘re‐centring of the urban political' to rethink urban theory in ways that consider the city as a site of political encounter, interruption and experimentation, even when, or perhaps especially when, these ways fall outside institutional forms or lack the organizational form or legitimacy of social movements. Thus, we attempt to place politics at the heart of radical urban political theory and practice today in order to make sense of urban subjects, events and claims that elude established government practices and institutionalized structures.     

中小银行流动性风险的成因及防范策略

中小商业银行在保持高利润前提下产生流动性风险与其资产负债业务构成的不对称性、业务拓展的不均衡性以及主动负债能力弱、市场竞争力弱等特点密不可分,在市场经济不断推进、银行竞争不断加剧的形势下,中小银行应进一步加强流动性风险管理,优化负债与信贷结构,深化网点建设,加大货币市场参与力度.     

The relationship between employment and mental and physical health in South Africa

This paper estimated the relationship between employment and depression, hypertension, diabetes and tuberculosis in South Africa between 2008 and 2014. South Africa has high levels of economic inactivity and unemployment as well as a high disease burden occasioned by depression, other non-communicable diseases and tuberculosis. Data came from the National Income Dynamics Study panel dataset. Using fixed effects, random effects and pooled ordinary least squares regressions, depression and diabetes were associated with a 4–6 percentage point decline in employment probability, while tuberculosis was associated with a 12–13 percentage point employment decline. The results suggested that the employment-health relationship possibly operated through illness being associated with increased economic inactivity, rather than through making the search efforts of the unemployed unsuccessful. Moreover, the employment-health relationship not only existed contemporaneously, but extended into the future (especially for the physical health indicators).     

Cross‐border expansion and competitive interactions of indigenous mobile network operators in sub‐Saharan Africa

Emerging‐market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) have become major players in the global economy, with an increasing share of global foreign direct investment (FDI). Indigenous mobile network operators (MNOs) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) are not left out in this pursuit, as they seek growth and competitiveness beyond their domestic markets. We investigate the FDI location choices and competitive interactions of the five indigenous SSA MNOs that had internationalized as of 2014 and find that, contrary to the literature, these EMNEs, operating in a key and rapidly developing industry, did not tend to commence their cross‐border expansion in geographically close markets. In addition, the MNOs are more likely to invest in countries with stronger control over corruption and do not appear to engage in heavy head‐to‐head competition with their rivals. These findings contribute to the internationalization literature in the context of the investment and competitive behaviors of the currently underexplored indigenous SSA multinationals.     

Sources of Long-Run Economic Growth In Nigeria: A Study In Growth Accounting*

Abstract: Growth accounting provides a convenient framework for decomposing the structure of economic growth and, hence, interpreting the underlying factors shaping long-run growth performance. The present study attempts to analyse the sources of Nigerian economic growth performance, using data from the period 1950–1991. The results conform generally with the ‘stylized’ facts of economic growth in less developed countries (LDCs), namely: that labour-force expansion and capital accumulation provide the motor of long-run growth in GDP, with improvement in ‘total factor productivity’ (TFP) playing at best a marginal role. Another important element in the Nigerian experience, however, is that deteriorating capacity utilization constitutes a key drag on capital productivity growth and, hence, economic growth. The collapse in capital investment from the early 1980s, coupled with deterioration in capacity utilization, and a virtual lack of efficiency gains in the economy constitute the major source of long-run decline in GDP growth rates. Policy-wise, these results suggest that given slow growth in TFP, strategies to sustain Nigerian economic growth must rely on rapid accumulation of factor inputs, particularly, capital expansion. Résumé: La comptabilisation de la croissance est un cadre d'analyse judicieux qui permet de décomposer la structure de la croissance économique et, partant, d'interpréter les facteurs sous-jacents qui façonnet les résultats en termes de croissance à long terme. La présente étude analyse les sources de la croissance économique au Nigéria, en se fondant sur les données relatives à la période 1950–1991. Les résultats de cette analyse corroborent, d'une manière générate, les faits “stylisés” de la croissance économique dans les pays en développement, à savoir: que l'expansion de la main-d'oeuvre et l'accumulation de capital constituent le moteur de la croissance à long terme du PIB, et que l'amélioration de la “productivité totale des facteurs” (PTF) ne joue, au mieux, qu'un rôle marginal. L'expérience nigériane dégage toutefois un autre enseignement, à savoir que la baisse d'utilisation des capacités est une entrave majeur à la croissance dc la productivité du capital et, corollairement, à la croissance économique. La chute brutale des investissements au début des années 1980, conjuguée à la baisse d'utilisation des capacités et à la quasi-absence de gains d'efficacité au sein de l‘économie, est la cause prépondérate du ralentissement à long terme de la croissance du PIB. Au chapitre des politiques, les resultats de l'analyse incitent à penser qu'en raison de la faible croissance de la PTF, les stratégies visant à soutenir la croissance de l’économie nigériane doivent tabler sur une rapid accumulation des facteurs, et en particulier sur une expansion du capital.     

The Impact of Health on Labour Force Participation in South Africa

This paper estimates the effect of self‐assessed health (SAH) on labour force participation (LFP) in South Africa. This is motivated by a high disease burden and declining LFP in South Africa during the study period. Data is sourced from the four waves of the National Income Dynamics Study. The results indicate a positive and significant effect of self‐reporting excellent, very good or good health on LFP (relative to fair or poor health). The effect is more pronounced for men relative to women. The result indicates that health policy can be a tool for significantly improving LFP in South Africa.     

Social responsibility in micro businesses in an African context: Towards a theoretical understanding

Small businesses often engage in social responsibility (SR) without knowing it or without referring to their actions as SR. This is particularly the case in developing countries where the idea of SR is seen as synonymous with philanthropy. While the literature on small business social responsibility is growing, our understanding of the context-specific determinants of responsible practices in microbusinesses (those that employ less than 10 employees) that dominate the business landscape in many developing countries is still limited. In this paper, we address this gap and offer a theoretical understanding of how microbusiness owner-managers understand and approach SR by drawing on rich qualitative data collected from Nigeria—Africa's largest economy. We utilise Social Representations Theory to understand (1) how and why microbusiness owner-managers limit their understanding of SR to philanthropic activities and (2) the wide range of practices, including philanthropic activities, that account for their overall Responsible Business Practices (RBPs)—those practices that enable them to act responsibly towards their stakeholders and/or operating environments. We find that owner-managers' representations of SR are anchored primarily on an idiosyncratic ethical tendency and inclination towards the creation of social/communal harmony by ‘giving back to society’ and objectified via actions deriving from three ‘giving back’ orientations, namely Core Philanthropism, Social Problem Solving, and Empowering. We model microbusiness owner-managers' RBPs, highlighting the intersectional interplay of the voluntary (SR as philanthropy) and non-voluntary (self-regulatory and legal) dimensions of RBPs. Finally, we discuss the key findings in relation to the extant literature and to policymakers and managers.