The future of employment supply and demand in social Europe

The assessment of employment prospects during the period up to 2020 needs to take into account the effects of the 2008/2009 downturn. We propose two scenarios that capture distinctive trajectories in order to elucidate some of the potential strategic demands for future employment policy. We forecast the average level of education of the working-age population will increase significantly during this decade and therefore the mismatch between the needs and supply of skills is likely to be significantly reduced. Furthermore, the inherent mobility of the working population will increase together with higher levels of education.     

The Ethical Climate of Danish Firms: A Discussion and Enhancement of the Ethical-Climate Model

The initial purpose of this study is to provide an empirical validation of Victor and Cullen’s ethical-climate model (1987, Frederick (ed.), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9, pp. 51–71; 1988, Administrative Science Quarterly 33, 101–125; 1990, Frederick and Preston (eds.), Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut), pp. 77–97). Testing the model on a sample of Danish firms, this study demonstrates that the empirical model as suggested by Victor and Cullen is much stronger than suggested by previous research. Based on a confirmatory factor model, the results of this study suggest a revised ethical structure. Especially a sixth dimension – own interest – is separated from the original instrumental dimension. Further, this study suggests that the ethical-climate model can be enhanced with the dimension of autonomy deriving from Koys and DeCotiis’ (1991, Human Relations 44(3), 265–285.) dimensional psychological climate instrument.     

Global collapse—Fact or fiction?

This paper seeks to answer the following question: Is it possible that the slow societal response to the emerging climate crisis may result in “global collapse”—that is, a situation were global society first exceeds the sustainable rate of greenhouse gas emissions, and then experiences a sudden, unwanted, and unstoppable decline in the average welfare of hundreds of millions of its citizens?Certainly, global collapse can be avoided if society decides to act in time, and even at a reasonable cost. Still, global collapse is a possibility in the 21st century, because of the numerous good reasons to postpone societal response, because of the inertia in the climate system, and because there exist self-reinforcing mechanisms that may lead to runaway temperature increase once certain thresholds are surpassed.The paper argues, finally, that climate-induced global collapse, even if it did indeed occur, would not necessarily be described by future historians as such. The collapse could well be reported as a case of bad global management.Global collapse could remain fiction, even if it proved to be fact.     

Estimating labour supply responses and welfare participation: Using a natural experiment to validate a structural labour supply model

We estimate an economic model of labour supply and welfare participation using data on single men from Quebec drawn from the 1986 Canadian Census. Detailed budget sets for each work‐welfare combination—accounting for income taxes, tax credits and welfare benefit rules—are derived using a micro‐simulation model. We show that predicted reactions to a welfare reform that took place in 1989 replicate actual changes in labour supply and welfare participation. We also illustrate the advantage of having estimated a structural model by showing how labour supply and welfare participation change when income taxes and benefit levels change.     

Adjustment and Poverty: A Review of the African Experience*

Abstract: The social impacts of adjustment have received considerable research and policy attention in recent years. This paper is a review of recent studies on adjustment and poverty in African countries. The ambition is to understand what determines the differences in outcomes in terms of the impacts on the vulnerable groups. Résumé: Les effets sociaux d'ajustement ont recu dans les annees recentes considérablement d'attention. Cet revu étudie l'ajustement et la pauvreté dans les pays africains. Le but est de comprendre ce qui détermine les differents resultats en terme des effets sur les groupes vulnerables.     

玩转口碑营销

一旦消费者决定购买一项产品,他们会首先确定经过产品体验、推荐或打知名度的营销活动而筛选出的一组初选品牌。在消费者收集来自各种渠道的产品信息并决定购买何种产品的过程中,他们会对这些以及其他品牌进行积极评估。然后,他们的售后体验会为他们的下一次购买决策提供依据。尽管在这一过程的各个阶段,     

The impacts of road tolling: A review of Norwegian experience

Road tolling has been used extensively for funding of national roads in Norway since 1982. The article, which is primarily based on review of literature, identifies the impacts of tolling in four key policy areas: economic efficiency, regional development, regional redistribution and democracy. Toll financing may change the ranking of projects but does hardly reduce construction costs. The recurrent budget has been quite stable and toll revenues therefore represent net additional resources for road investment. Regionally, tolling has led to a shift of road investments to more central areas. Tolling has increased local political influence compared to national influence.     

House prices and land regulation in the Copenhagen area

We analyse house prices from 1992 to 2011 in the metropolitan area of Copenhagen. In line with most other metropolitan areas in Europe, Copenhagen house prices showed solid increases during this period until 2007 when a downturn in prices began. The price gradient from the centre of the metropolis to the outskirts also became steeper over these years. We investigate the influence of land regulation on this development and find indications of an upward pressure on house prices from restrictive land regulation at the municipal as well as the national level.     

Some Applications of Input–Output Analysis in a Gold Mine

In this paper, some applications of a mixed physical-financial input–output model for a large gold mine in China are described. This mixed input–output model is a basic part of the mine's decision-making system, called an interactive and hierarchical multi-objective feedback decision-making system of the gold mine's production and management. The model is used for the following: (1) to analyze quantitatively how the changes in the economic, technical and geological factors affect the mine's production and management; (2) to search for a series of bottleneck components in the mine when the capacities of some components of the mine change; (3) to optimize mine planning with the help of mathematical programming (linear programming, 0–1 programming) and computer simulation.