Leisure Research and Leisure Practice: Three Perspectives on Constructing the Research?Practice Relation

The leisure research?leisure practice relation remains uncertain. Assuming leisure provides a preexisting link is not supported by research. Leisure research and leisure practice are independent professional paradigms between which a relation must be constructed. Three perspectives on constructing the research?practice relation are examined in this article: the traditional, the personal, and the critical. The benefits approach to leisure is a test case in each perspective. The traditional and personal perspectives subordinate one professional paradigm to the other or intensify their separation. The benefits approach fails to resolve these difficulties. The critical perspective emphasizes developmental activity and emancipation, facilitates research?practice interaction, and maintains the professional paradigms' integrity, and it reveals shortcomings in the benefits approach. The critical perspective enables the most dynamic research?practice relation.     

Estimates of the Effects of Canadian Tariff on Fresh Peach Imports From the United States

A spatial equilibrium single period model of the Canadian-United States fresh peach trade was constructed to evaluate the effect of the Canadian tariff on United States fresh peach exports to Canada, Canadian production, consumption and prices. The model consisted of fifteen United States and two Canadian producing regions, thirty-five United States and six Canadian consuming cities. Using historical trade patterns some but not all United States producing regions were permitted to ship to Canada and there were no Canadian shipments to the United States. Comparisons of the nontariff with the tariff solution vectors of production, trade, consumption and prices indicated that the tariff had only marginal effects on Canadian fresh peach imports from the United States and that Canadian consumption quantities and prices were only moderately affected. Un modèle du marché aux pêches au Canada et aux Etats-Unis fut construit pendant une seule période afin d' évaluer les effets du tarif Canadien sur les exportations de pêches Américaines au Canada, la production Canadienne, la consommation et les prix au détail. Le, modèle fut composé de 15 régions de production Américaines et de deux régions Canadiennes, ainsi que 35 villes de consommation d' Amérique et six villes de Canada. En utilisant des données commerciales et historiques, quelquesunes, mais pas toutes les régions de production, avaient le droit d' exporter au Canada, et il n' y avait pas d' exportation aux Etats-Unis. Nous nous sommes servis de ce modèle pour comparer les importations Canadiennes en franchise, la production, la consommation et les prix résultants à d' autres prix où les tarifs s' appliquaient. Les résultats ont montré que le tarif Canadien affectait à peine les importations de pêches fraîches des Etats-Unis et que la consommation Canadienne et les niveaux de prix ne subissaient qu' une légère modification.     

IPv6的地址结构特点与管理机制分析

本文主要介绍了有关IPv6互联网的网络地址结构及其管理机制。与现行的IPv4地址相比，IPv6在地址的长度、分类方法、表示方法和类型等方面均不同相同。它可有效地解决IP地址枯竭与路由效率低下的问题，同时具有地址聚类性、多播性、任播性和接口多址性等特点；而在IPv6地址管理方面则采用层次化路由选择策略，支持QoS路由协议，将地址解析通过领导发现协议来实现，新增了无态地址的自动配置，使得网络地址的重新编号变得更加简单快速。最后通过模拟仿真的方法，进一步分析说明了IPv6网络的性能。     

CAUTIONARY NOTES ON THE RANK‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION

In the analysis of center populations at both the national and regional levels considerable use has been made of the rank‐size distribution. Within the extensive literature on this distribution, however, there are a number areas that are unclear, neglected, or misleading. Consideration is initially given to the form of the rank‐size distribution and to the manner in which it is related to other distributions, notably the Pareto and the lognormal. Attention is also focused on the application of the rank‐size distribution to data on center size and on the difficulties that arise in this connection, including the problem of establishing rank‐size regularity. The discussion concludes by taking issue with the contention that the rank‐size distribution is of relevance in the design and formulation of urban policy.     

On the Regional Dimensions of Rostow's Theory of Growth

Rostow's approach to economic development, summarized in The Stages of Economic Growth , involved an economy passing through a sequence of well-defined stages. This theory of growth was primarily concerned with the national economy. There were, however, more than a few references to regions, although these were not elaborated upon or explored in detail. The concern here is with examining the possibility that the Rostow analysis might also have a relevance at the sub-national or regional scale. This possibility is considered in terms of three distinct perspectives: the regional (where the emphasis is on the individual region, with no attention given to the rest of the nation); the multiregional (the focus being on the various regions that comprise the nation); and the interregional (which examines the economic relations among regions within a nation).     

Migrant Age Profiles and Long-Run Living Standards in Australia

The age profile of immigration to Australia can be altered by public policies. This article applies a method of valuing long term population paths in order to evaluate alternative immigrant age profiles based on a proxy indicator of living standards over time for Australia. Results show that the variation in value of the population path follows an inverted U-shape by immigrant's age. The strength of preference between immigrants aged 20–29 years and older working age immigrants reduces as the social discount rate increases. Higher life expectancy and lower fertility accentuate preference for younger working age immigrants.     

Reduced‐fat foods: the shopper’s viewpoint

The inclusion of reduced‐fat foods in the daily diet affords consumers the potential to reduce overall dietary fat. Nevertheless, despite an increased range of these food products throughout the market, there has remained a lack of widespread consumer acceptance. The aim of the study was therefore to understand why consumers choose or reject reduced‐fat foods. Ninety consumers were interviewed by means of a qualitative approach within food retail outlets in the United Kingdom. Thematic content analysis indicated that uptake or rejection of these products is influenced by health concerns, ‘goodness of fit’ with individual dietary health strategies, the preferences of different household members, perceived sensory properties and scepticism towards these products. The results imply a need to explore and innovate ‘natural’ fat substitutes and to improve the sensory quality of reduced‐fat products. Further research is required to determine how these foods are used within the household and incorporated within the overall diet. Policy must seek to restore consumer trust in reduced‐fat food products and the food supply generally.     

Metropolitan density functions : A Further exploration

The application of mathematical functions to population density data within metropolitan areas has become a well-established analytical procedure. The more important functions that have been previously employed in this connection are reviewed, and two additional functional forms are suggested. The proposed functions, together with the earlier ones, are evaluated in terms of their ability to describe actual density patterns, as well as their accuracy in characterizing certain features of metropolitan spatial structure. The evaluation is undertaken in relation to two metropolitan areas of the United Kingdom. While these both possess certain distinctive features, they conform in many respects to metropolitan areas in other western nations.     

Book review

Thomas, Vinod, John Nash, and associates, Best Practices in Trade Policy Reform, Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 1991, xiii + 226 pages.

Turner, Charlie G., Japan's Dynamic Efficiency in the Global Market: Trade, Investment, and Economic Growth, New York: Quorum Books, 1991, xiv + 177 pages.

de Melo, Jaime, and David Tarr, A General Equilibrium Analysis of US Foreign Trade Policy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, pp. xviii + 289.

McGarry, Michael J., and Andrew Schmitz, The World Grain Trade: Grain Marketing, Institutions, and Policies, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992, xx + 511 pages.

Islam, Shafiqul (ed.), Yen for Development: Japanese Foreign Aid and the Politics of Burden Sharing, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1991, xii + 243 pages.

Heckscher, Eli, and Bertil Ohlin, Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, x + 222 pages (translated, edited, and introduced by Harry Flam and M. June Flanders).