CAP Forum on Forensic Accounting in the Post‐Enron World: Education for Investigative and Forensic Accounting*/FORMATION ET JURICOMPTABILITÉ

Recent financial scandals have raised the awareness that accountants should be alert to potential fraud and other economic disputes and can provide significant assistance in preventing, investigating, and resolving such matters. Forensic accountants provide these services with knowledge of court requirements and proceedings so that effective legal action is possible, even though most actions are concluded without the involvement of the courts. Although forensic accounting was growing in importance even before Enron and the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act, the ensuing tightening of the securities regulations in both Canada and the United States triggered recognition that accounting students and professionals need a fuller understanding of fraud and other economic crimes, and how to find, prevent, and resolve them, as well as the career choices that could be involved. While some of this material is covered in auditing texts and courses, emerging expectations will require the enhancement and restructuring of forensic accounting education within university programs, and will encourage more interest in graduate specialist professional designations. This paper has two objectives: to offer insights into the design and delivery of forensic accounting programs, and into the availability of professional programs; and to provide some exploratory evidence on the type of services currently rendered by investigative and forensic accountants in Canada.     

Bond covenants and changes in accounting policy: Canadian evidence*

Abstract. This paper examines accounting change decisions in Canada. Evidence gathered from financial statements suggests that there is a relation between bond covenants and the decision to make an accounting policy change. Except for the effect of regulation, the political visibility hypothesis did not hold.     

Getting the Ball Rolling: Voluntary Contributions to a Large-Scale Public Project

This paper examines dynamic voluntary contributions to a large‐scale project. In equilibrium, contributions are influenced by the interplay of two opposing incentives. While agents prefer to free ride on others for contributions, they also prefer to encourage others to contribute by increasing their own. Main findings of the paper are that (1) agents increase their contributions as the project moves forward; (2) as additional agents join the group, existing agents increase their contributions in the initial stages of the project while reducing them in the stages close to completion; (3) groups that are formed by more patient agents and that undertake larger projects tend to be larger; and (4) groups that rely on voluntary contributions tend to be too small compared to the social optimum. The empirical evidence on contributions to open‐source software projects provides partial support for these findings.     

Corporate Political Contributions and Stock Returns

We develop a new and comprehensive database of firm‐level contributions to U.S. political campaigns from 1979 to 2004. We construct variables that measure the extent of firm support for candidates. We find that these measures are positively and significantly correlated with the cross‐section of future returns. The effect is strongest for firms that support a greater number of candidates that hold office in the same state that the firm is based. In addition, there are stronger effects for firms whose contributions are slanted toward House candidates and Democrats.     

Existence of a Condorcet Winner When Voters Have Other‐Regarding Preferences

In standard political economy models, voters are “self‐interested” that is, care only about “own” utility. However, the emerging evidence indicates that voters often have “other‐regarding preferences” (ORP), that is, in deciding among alternative policies voters care about their payoffs relative to others. We extend a widely used general equilibrium framework in political economy to allow for voters with ORP, as in Fehr and Schmidt (1999) . In line with the evidence, these preferences allow voters to exhibit “envy” and “altruism,” in addition to the standard concern for “own utility.” We give sufficient conditions for the existence of a Condorcet winner when voters have ORP. This could open the way for an incorporation of ORP in a variety of political economy models. Furthermore, as a corollary, we give more general conditions for the existence of a Condorcet winner when voters have purely selfish preferences.     

USING DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS IN AN INTERNATIONAL SETTING: A SURVEY OF ISSUES IN MODELING THE COST OF CAPITAL

Based on the results of a recent survey of University of Chicago Graduate School of Business alumni, the authors of this article suggest that prevailing corporate practice in valuing overseas investments reflects a flawed understanding of finance theory. Although the survey finds that almost all respondents use the discounted cash flow (DCF) method in some fashion or another, there is significant variation both in the application of DCF and in the weighting that different groups assign to DCF in dealing with segmented markets. Of greater interest, the survey also shows that, as the complexity and uncertainty involved in valuation tasks increases, practitioners appear to place greater reliance on heuristics, or conventional rules of thumb. And in relying on heuristics as perceived risk increases, the authors warn, “people tend to become less consistent, less systematic, and less rigorous in the methods they use to measure and evaluate risk.” Also of interest to the authors, many practitioners doing international valuations appear to be unwitting adherents to a “multi-factor” asset pricing model. For, in addition to traditional market factor proxies, they tend to incorporate country-specific risks, such as political and sovereign risk, into the discount rate. The authors attribute this practice to the implicit (and generally mistaken) assumption that there is a significant relationship between systematic risk and the degree of foreign market segmentation. Following presentation of their survey results, the authors explore several important issues surrounding international cost of capital. Perhaps most important is the degree of market “segmentation” and how it affects the pricing model (whether a global or a local version of the CAPM, for example) used to calculate the cost of capital. The article provides a framework to help practitioners decide which pricing model is appropriate for valuing a given investment. Moreover, since the cost of capital affects EVA-type measures of operating performance that are often used in performance evaluation schemes, the framework also can be used to guide senior management in thinking about the proper hurdle rates for their overseas business units.     

The General NFP Hospital Model

Throughout the past 30 years, there has been a lot of controversy surrounding the proliferation of new forms of health care delivery organizations that challenge and compete with general NFP community hospitals. Traditionally, the health care system in the United States has been dominated by general NFP (NFP) voluntary hospitals. With the number of for‐profit general hospitals, physician‐owned specialty hospitals, and ambulatory surgical centers increasing, a question arises: “Why is the general NFP community hospital the dominant model?” In order to address this question, this paper reexamines the history of the hospital industry. By understanding how the “general NFP hospital” model emerged and dominated, we attempt to explain the current dominance of general NFP hospitals in the ever changing hospital industry in the United States.     

Changing Names with Style: Mutual Fund Name Changes and Their Effects on Fund Flows

We examine whether mutual funds change their names to take advantage of current hot investment styles, and what effects these name changes have on inflows to the funds, and to the funds' subsequent returns. We find that the year after a fund changes its name to reflect a current hot style, the fund experiences an average cumulative abnormal flow of 28%, with no improvement in performance. The increase in flows is similar across funds whose holdings match the style implied by their new name and those whose holdings do not, suggesting that investors are irrationally influenced by cosmetic effects.     

Corridor or blind alley? The A1M Herts corridor consortium

Local authority intervention in the local economy has proliferated in recent years and is not, as much work suggests, confined to large Labour controlled authorities coping with inner city problems and/or declining heavy industry; a wide variety of economic development initiatives are being executed by councils across the political spectrum. This paper examines the notion of growth coalitions and attempts to shed some light on these aspects of neglected research and reasons for local authority intervention, exemplified by the A1M Herts Corridor Campaign, an economic development initiative to attract inward investment to an affluent county.     

Clauses restrictives et modifications comptables: une étude canadienne*

Résumé. Cette étude porte sur les décisions prises par les sociétés canadiennes en matière de modifications comptables. L'information tirée de l'analyse des états financiers indique qu'il existe une relation entre les clauses restrictives des contrats d'emprunt et les décisions en matière de modifications comptables. L'hypothèse de la “visibilité” politique n'a pu être confirmée, contrairement à celle de l'effet de la réglementation.