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abstract We examine how cognitive style, as measured by the MBTI, affects strategic decision outcomes. Executives participated in a simulated strategic decision making environment that allowed controlled collection of decision outcomes, including manager decisiveness, decision quality, and perceived effectiveness. We found that iNtuiting/Thinking managers used their intuition to make cognitive leaps based on objective information to craft more decisions of higher quality than other managers. In contrast, Sensing/Feeling types used time to seek socially acceptable decisions, which led to the lowest number of decisions and the lowest perceived effectiveness of all. We found no effect on decisiveness or perceived effectiveness based on a manager's preference for Perceiving or Judging. However, we found that others perceived Extraverted managers as being more effective than Introverted managers when, in fact, the Extraverts were no more decisive than Introverts. Thus, cognitive style influences actual decision outcomes as well as how others perceive one's decision performance. 相似文献
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This article presents an analysis of occupational structure, a key component of the ‘Little Divergence’, in an eastern‐central European economy under the second serfdom, using data on 6,983 Bohemian villages in 1654. Non‐agricultural activity was lower than in western Europe, but varied positively with village size, pastoral agriculture, sub‐peasant strata, Jews, freemen, female headship, and mills, and negatively with arable agriculture and towns. It showed a curvilinear relationship with the ‘second serfdom’, as proxied by landlord presence on village holdings. Landlord presence in serf villages also reversed the positive effects of female headship and mills on non‐agricultural activities. Under the second serfdom, landlords encouraged serf activities from which they could extract rents, while stifling others which threatened manorial interests. 相似文献
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Foreman‐Peck and Zhou's claim that late marriage was a major contributor to the industrial revolution in England cannot be sustained. They consider neither other influences on English industrialization nor other European economies where marriage age was high throughout the early modern period but industrialization came much later. It is not possible to argue that late marriage age was a major contributor to English industrialization without analysing other possible contributing factors. Any consideration of this question must assess marriage age alongside other causes of industrialization and explain why other European economies with a higher marriage age industrialized much later than England. 相似文献
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The medieval Champagne fairs are widely used to draw lessons about the institutional basis for long-distance impersonal exchange. This paper re-examines the causes of the outstanding success of the Champagne fairs in mediating international trade, the timing and causes of the fairs' decline, and the institutions for securing property rights and enforcing contracts at the fairs. It finds that contract enforcement at the fairs did not take the form of private-order or corporative mechanisms, but was provided by public institutions. More generally, the success and decline of the Champagne fairs depended on the policies adopted by the public authorities — for good or ill. 相似文献
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This study explores how the age and gender of service workers influence customers' perceptions of the retail service encounter in a health and beauty retailer. An analysis of qualitative interviews with 40 customers and 20 service workers suggests that customers seek reassurance in the service encounter by ‘matching’ and ‘mirroring’ the age and gender of customer-facing staff with their expectations of who should deliver appropriate service during the retail service encounter. These non-verbal cues, as a way of assessing the credibility of the service provider, are particularly important when customers are involved in high-involvement purchase occasions. 相似文献
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Dmitry Khanin Kristie Ogilvie David Leibsohn 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2012,10(1):1-24
Prior research has established that venture capitalists (VCs) may face significant obstacles in financing ventures from emerging
or transition economies. Such hurdles are usually attributed to the weaknesses of host countries’ institutional systems, especially
regulatory. These institutional pitfalls may thwart VCs’ ability to exit a portfolio company leading to lower returns than
expected. Developing this approach, we argue that exit strategies may also be difficult to execute when VCs expand into advanced
economies although for different reasons. Thus, we show that both necessity entrepreneurship prevalent in emerging economies
and opportunity entrepreneurship prevalent in advanced economies are positively associated with the number of investment rounds
received by portfolio companies. In contrast, we establish that VC firm capital and network density are negatively associated
with the number of rounds provided to portfolio companies across distinct institutional environments. This suggests that VCs
may improve their performance by choosing an appropriate strategy to navigate unfamiliar institutional environments to minimize
their liability of foreignness. Finally, we find that the interaction of VC capital and network density is positively related
to the number of VCs’ investment rounds. Apparently, resource-rich VC firms may not fully realize the informational benefits
of their dense “knowledge networks” due to insufficient collaboration with partners. At the same time, such VCs may no longer
enjoy access to free information flows from prospective allies. Hence, network density and superior resources combined may
lead to a greater number of investment rounds. 相似文献
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