The Impact of Career Capital on Expatriates' Perceived Marketability

We examine how the development of three types of career capital (knowing how, knowing whom, and knowing why) during an international assignment affects the perceived marketability of organizational expatriates. Using the perceived marketability perspective and long‐term follow‐up data, we show that knowing how is seen as the most transferable type of career capital, while the development of other aspects of career capital has little impact on perceived marketability. We also show that career capital development is more recognized in the external market than by current employers. Our findings expand our understanding of long‐term career marketability among people who have completed international assignments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Professional vs financial capital in the field of health care—struggles for the redistribution of power and control

The field of health care, like all fields of social life, is a site of continuous games for power and control. This paper applies the conceptual tools of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu—in particular the notions of field and capital—to analyse the diverse roles, and partially divergent objectives of the various institutions and individuals involved in the functions of financing, production, and consumption of health services. Participants in these struggles are seen to have different chances of winning or losing, depending on their relative power, which is determined by the distribution of differently valued capitals in this specific field. The expectations associated with the transition to market based control mechanisms in the field of Finnish health care, and the experiences of those directly involved in this transition are analysed. The nature and implications of the process of transition from a planning allocation system to a competition based resource allocation system are studied on the basis of extensive interviews and observations conducted in one university hospital and two central hospitals in Finland.     

Consumer preferences for environmental quality and other social goals

Environmental preferences and behaviour can shed some light on the more general problems of rationality. This article will explore the completeness and transitivity of preferences for environmental quality and other social goals. Reasons for possible inconsistencies will be discussed, and the consistency of preference rankings studied with the help of survey data and the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. The results show that it is difficult for respondents to give complete and transitive preference rankings when they compare abstract social goals. However, preferences are very consistent with respect to the most and the least preferred options. Different population subgroups seem to have rather similar preference orderings. This reflects the existence of largely shared values in the population studied. Environmental quality is generally perceived as one of the most important social goals, and the study shows a high demand for this collective good. However, free riding tendencies are present as soon as a social goal interferes with the respondents' own economic utility. Shifts between a collective welfare criterion and an individual utility criterion may be one of the reasons for the inconsistency of preference rankings of social goals.

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Konsumentenpräferenzen für die Qualität der Umwelt und andere soziale Ziele

Zusammenfassung Die Analyse von Umweltpräferenzen und Umweltverhalten kann etwas beitragen zu der Frage der Rationalität von Konsumenten. Der vorliegende Artikel erforscht die Vollständigkeit und Transitivität von Präferenzen für Umweltqualität und andere soziale Ziele. Er diskutiert Gründe für mögliche Inkonsistenzen und analysiert die tatsächliche Konsistenz von Präferenzrangordnungen mit Hilfe von Umfragedaten und der AHP-Methode (Analytic Hierarchy Process Method).Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß es für Befragte schwierig ist, vollständige und transitive Präferenzrangfolgen zu bilden, wenn es um abstrakte soziale Ziele geht. Allerdings ist die Konsistenz jeweils sehr hoch bei den am meisten und den am wenigsten präferierten Optionen. Unterschiedliche Teilgruppen der Bevölkerung haben offenbar ganz ähnliche Präferenzrangfolgen. Das ist ein Indiz dafür, daß es weithin akzeptierte Wertvorstellungen in der Bevölkerung gibt.Umweltqualität wird allgemein als eines der wichtigsten sozialen Ziele angesehen, und die Studie zeigt einen hohen Bedarf nach diesem kollektiven Gut. Allerdings ist eine Tendenz zur Trittbrettfahrer-Mentalität vorhanden, wenn ein solches soziales Ziel in Konflikt gerät mit dem individuellen ökonomischen Nutzen des Befragten. Verschiebungen zwischen einem kollektiven Wohlfahrtskriterium und einem individuellen Nutzenkriterium sind vermutlich ein Grund für die Inkonsistenz von Präferenzrangfolgen sozialer Ziele.

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Liisa Uusitalo is an Associate Professor of Business Administration at the Helsinki School of Economics, Runeberginkatu 14-16, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland.     

Societal change and challenges for consumer policy

This article takes up some examples of social change which call for a broader scope in consumer policy and research: (a) consumers' feeling of a loss of control of their lifes in a complex industrial society; (b) the frequent interchange of functions between the public and private spheres of life and the new meaning attached to household activities; (c) the cultural crisis of the family in a situation requiring changing roles and new division of work; and, finally, (d) the necessity of applying collective means to reach welfare when individual satisfaction is becoming more and more dependent on other people's behaviour.

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Soziale und Umweltentwicklungen fordern eine neue Verbraucherpolitik

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag greift zunächst die Unterscheidung von direkter und indirekter Verbraucherpolitik auf, so wie sie in einigen skandinavischen Ländern verwendet wird. Nach dieser Unterscheidung gehören zur direkten Verbraucherpolitik die traditionellen Gebiete der Verbraucherinformation und -erziehung, des Verbraucherrechts und der Produktsicherheit sowie Wettbewerbsfragen. Demgegenüber bedeutet indirekte Verbraucherpolitik die Berücksichtigung und Förderung des Konsumenteninteresses durch andere Politikbereiche wie z.B. durch Beschäftigungs-, Lohn-, Wohnungs-, Verkehrs-, Familien- oder Umweltpolitik.Der Beitrag vertritt die These, daß die indirekte Verbraucherpolitik relativ an Bedeutung gewinnen muß, da nur sie langfristig das Wohlergehen und die Zufriedenheit von Konsumenten fördern kann. Voraussetzung dafür ist eine Verbraucherforschung, die nicht nur vordergründig an den Kaufhandlungen der Konsumenten, sondern stärker an den Veränderungen ihrer Wertvorstellungen und an den Wandlungen der sozialen und physischen Umwelt orientiert ist.Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit solchen Wandlungen und hebt dabei besonders hervor (a) die mangelnden Einflußmöglichkeiten auf die Gestaltung des eigenen Lebens, die von Konsumenten in komplexen Industriegesellschaften empfunden wird, (b) die Änderungen im gegenseitigen Verhältnis von öffentlichen und privaten Lebensbereichen und die gewandelte Einschätzung hauswirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten, (c) die Krise der Familie in einer kulturellen Situation, die Rollenveränderungen und neue Arbeitsteilungen erfordert und (d) kollektive Wege zur Wohlfahrtssteigerung, die stets dann notwendig werden, wenn die individuelle Zufriedenheit des einzelnen in wachsendem Ausmaß vom Verhalten anderer abhängt.

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Liisa Uusitalo is a Docent at the Helsinki School of Economics, Runeberginkatu 14–16, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland. The paper was first presented at the symposium Consumers' influence on public and private consumer policy, Smygehus, Sweden, September 21–23, 1982, sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation and the Marcus and Marianne Wallenberg Foundation.     

Finnish polytechnics as providers of knowledge-intensive services

Polytechnics are newcomers in companies' regional innovation environments in Finland. Particularly in regions with no university of their own or with only few knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) providers, they may become, and in some cases already are, important providers of science-and-technology-related services. The aim of this article is to analyse the roles, possibilities and challenges of polytechnics as public KIBS providers. Also, the position of polytechnics as a tool of Finnish innovation policy will be discussed.     

Perception of Health Claims Among Nordic Consumers

Health claim perception was investigated by a web-based instrument with a sample of 4,612 respondents in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden). Respondents decided which of a pair of claims sounded better, was easier to understand and was more convincing in their opinion. Claims were constructed from an underlying universe combining different active ingredients (familiar, unfamiliar), type of claim (combination of information about ingredient, physiological function and health benefit), framing (positive, negative), and use of qualifier (with, without “may”). Across pairs, the claims differed in the health benefit addressed (cardiovascular health, dementia, bodyweight). Results showed that respondents could be grouped into two roughly equally sized classes that differed in the type of claim preferred: one class prefers “long” claims that give the full story consisting of active ingredient, physiological function and health benefit, whereas the other prefers “short” claims consisting of the health benefit only. Results also showed that the familiar ingredient is preferred to the unfamiliar one, whereas effects of positive versus negative framing depended on the type of health benefit addressed.     

The Effect of International Work Experience on the Career Success of Expatriates: A Comparison of Assigned and Self‐Initiated Expatriates

This article is one of the first to examine the long‐term effect of expatriation on careers, comparing the impact of international work experience on the career success of assigned and self‐initiated expatriates. Our sample consists of employees who were working abroad in 2004, and we examine their subjective and objective career success eight years later. Despite the “dark side of international careers” arguments associated with the repatriation literature, we find that the long‐term impacts of international work experience on career success are generally positive and mainly unrelated to whether the work experience was acquired as an assigned or self‐initiated expatriate. Companies recruit employees with international experience externally but are much more likely to offer further internal jobs to assigned expatriates. This reinforces the need for further research and for companies to see all those with international experience as important elements of the workforce. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Consumer satisfaction with real life meal experiences: An interview study

The objective was to explore consumers’ expectations and experiences with buffet lunches at workplaces, using the disconfirmation paradigm. Consumers (N = 25) were interviewed before and after eating a buffet lunch. Interviews were transcribed and content analyzed. The results demonstrate that consumers perceive meal satisfaction as a holistic experience integrating sensory and quality experiences of the food, physiological consequences of eating, and social and environmental aspects of the meal. Consumer meal satisfaction was linked to achievement of short- and long-term goals on maintaining or improving physical and mental well-being. Alignment of meal-related goals and behavior promotes meal satisfaction.