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1.
As opportunities for citizenship diminish in everyday life amid increasing consumption and privatization, there is a growing realization of the importance of participation and citizen power, particularly for older adults. Gaventa's (1980) Gaventa, J. (1980). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence and rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. [Google Scholar] concepts of visible, invisible, and hidden power and Arnstein's ladder of citizen power (1969) framed this study, which used participatory methods, including creation and facilitation of a members' group at a small seniors' center, to address the question: What are the factors that undermine or cultivate citizen power at a small community center for seniors? The data were organized under three power-related themes: powerlessness, reluctance to claim power, and claiming power. Findings suggest that negative social constructions associated with aging act as instruments of invisible power. Further, community center membership, to be considered meaningful, should be imbued with visible power, so that seniors can be involved in decision making and leadership.  相似文献   
2.
Rates of increase in the number of parameters of a Fourier factor demand system that imply asymptotically normal elasticity estimates are characterized. This is the multivariate analog of work by Andrews (1991). Our proof strategy is new and consists of relating the minimum eigenvalue of the sample sum of squares and cross-products matrix to the minimum eigenvalue of the population matrix via a uniform strong law with rate that is established using results from the empirical processes literature. In its customary form, the minimum eigenvalue of the Fourier sum of squares and cross-products matrix, considered as a function of the number of parameters, decreases faster than any polynomial. The consequence is that the rate at which parameters may increase is slower than any fractional power of the sample size. In this case, we get the same rate as Andrews. When our results are applied to multivariate regressions with a minimum eigenvalue that is bounded or declines at a polynomial rate, the rate on the parameters is a fractional power of the sample size. In this case, our method of proof gives faster rates than Andrews. Andrews' results cover the heteroskedastic case, ours do not.  相似文献   
3.
A general computational method for estimating the parameters of a flexible functional form subject to convexity, quasi-convexity, concavity, or quasi-concavity at a point, at several points, or over a region, is set forth and illustrated with an example.  相似文献   
4.
The article presents an algorithm for linear regression computations subject to linear parametric equality constraints, linear parametric inequality constraints, or a mixture of the two. No rank conditions are imposed on the regression specification or the constraint specification. The algorithm requires a full Moore-Penrose g-inverse which entails extra computational effort relative to other orthonormalization type algorithms. In exchange, auxiliary statistical information is generated: feasibility of a set of constraints may be checked, estimability of a linear parametric function may be checked, and bias and variance may be decomposed by source.  相似文献   
5.
Using a communitarian framework to explore relationships between individuals and community, survey research was used to examine relationships among volunteers’ personal value orientations of individualism and collectivism, experiences of volunteering as serious leisure, and perceptions of sense of community and social cohesion. Based on survey responses from 300 current volunteers at ten voluntary organizations, findings linked collectivism and individualism to serious leisure, which in turn strongly associated with sense of community and social cohesion. In these empirical findings, serious leisure emerged as a pathway for nurturing community.  相似文献   
6.
We use purely statistical methods to determine if the pricingkernel is the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution underrecursive utility. We introduce a nonparametric Bayesian methodthat treats the pricing kernel as a latent variable and extractsit and its transition density from payoffs on 24 Fama-Frenchportfolios, on bonds, and on payoffs that use conditioning informationavailable when portfolios are formed. Our priors are formedfrom an examination of a Bansal-Yaron economy. Using both monthlydata and annual data, we find that the data support recursiveutility.  相似文献   
7.
To determine whether an industry exhibits constant returns to scale, whether the production function is homothetic, or whether inputs are separable, a common approach is to specify a cost function, estimate its parameters using data such as prices and quantities of inputs, and then test the parametric restrictions corresponding to constant returns, a homothetic technology, or separability. Statistically, such inferences are valid if the true cost function is a member of the parametric class considered, otherwise the inference is biased. That is, the true rejection probability is not necessarily adequately approximated by the nominal size of the statistical test. The use of fixed parameter flexible functional forms such as the Translog, the generalized Leontief, or the Box-Cox will not alleviate this problem.The Fourier flexible form differs fundamentally from other flexible forms in that it has a variable number of parameters and a known bound, depending on the number of parameters, on the error, as measured by the Sobolev norm, of approximation to an arbitrary cost function. Thus it is possible to construct statistical tests for constant returns, a homothetic technology, or separability which are asymptotically size α by letting the number of parameters of the Fourier flexible form depend on sample size. That is, the true rejection probability converges to the nominal size of the test as sample size tends to infinity. The rate of convergence depends on the smoothness of the true cost function; the more times is differentiable the true cost function, the faster the convergence.The method is illustrated using the data on aggregate U.S. manufacturing of Berndt and Wood (1975, 1979) and Berndt and Khaled (1979).  相似文献   
8.
The article describes a nonlinear three-stage least-squares estimator for the parameters of a system of simultaneous, nonlinear, implicit equations; the method allows the estimation of these parameters subject to nonlinear parametric restrictions across equations. The estimator is shown to be strongly consistent, asymptotically normally distributed, and more efficient than the nonlinear two-stage least-squares estimator. Some practical implications of the regularity conditions used to obtain these results are discussed from the point of view of one whose interest is in applications, Also, computing methods using readily available nonlinear regression programs are described.  相似文献   
9.
This paper shows how to build algorithms that use graphics processing units (GPUs) installed in most modern computers to solve dynamic equilibrium models in economics. In particular, we rely on the compute unified device architecture (CUDA) of NVIDIA GPUs. We illustrate the power of the approach by solving a simple real business cycle model with value function iteration. We document improvements in speed of around 200 times and suggest that even further gains are likely.  相似文献   
10.
We consider European options on a price process that follows the log-linear stochastic volatility model. Two stochastic integrals in the option pricing formula are costly to compute. We derive a central limit theorem to approximate them. At parameter settings appropriate to foreign exchange data our formulas improve computation speed by a factor of 1000 over brute force Monte Carlo making MCMC statistical methods practicable. We provide estimates of model parameters from daily data on the Swiss Franc to Euro and Japanese Yen to Euro over the period 1999–2002.  相似文献   
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