Incorporating choice dynamics in models of consumer behavior

This paper presents a framework for organizing and discussing factors influencing consumer choice dynamics, how these factors may be incorporated into models of buyer behavior and problems that may arise in estimating such models. The paper identifies research issues and delineates possible approaches. Proceedings of Session on Choice Dynamics at the Banff Symposium on Consumer Decision-Making and Choice Behavior. All authors share equally in content and remaining errors.     

The EU's evolving stance on the international dimension of competition policy: A critical commentary

In recent years there has been a rapid increase in both the numbers and the value of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. As more and more competition cases fall within the jurisdiction of two or more competition authorities, the possibility of divergent and unpredictab]le outcomes increases. This article explores the response of the European Union to international competition concerns that impact on its, jurisdiction.     

Regulating drug promotion: The UK experience

This article examines the nature of control over the promotional activities of the pharmaceutical industry in the UK. It focuses on the variety of methods which companies use to promote their products to the medical profession and considers the special problems this raises, for the government who seeks to secure the supply of safe products at reasonable prices, for the doctor who has often little but the company's own promotional literature to guide him/her in selecting a new drug, and for the consumer/patient who is supplied with a minimum of information about the product and who is consequently dependent on the doctor's judgment. It assesses the amount of money currently expended by the industry on promotional material and examines the adequacy and efficacy of the complex interaction of the current statutory, non-statutory and self-regulatory controls.

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Englische Erfahrungen mit der Regulierung von Arzneimittelwerbung

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Kontrolle der verkaufsfördernden Strategien der englischen pharmazeutischen Industrie und geht auf die verschiedenen offenen und verdeckten Methoden ein, den Verkauf der Produkte bei der Ärzteschaft zu fördern. Geprüft wird, ob die bestehenden Rahmenkontrollen sicherstellen können, daß die Ärzte nicht von der Menge und dem Inhalt des Werbematerials, das sie erhalten, irregeführt werden. Der Beitrag überprüft die existierenden nicht gesetzlichen Regelungen zur Kontrolle der Werbeausgaben und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß sie zu breit und allgemein ausgelegt sind, um ein bestimmtes Unternehmen, das in den Markt eindringen möchte, zu kontrollieren. Die von der Industrie selbst erarbeiteten Verhaltensrichtlinien bieten kaum zusätzliche Möglichkeiten, übertriebene Werbung zu beschränken.Weiterhin untersucht der Beitrag die laufenden Kontrollen der Qualität und des Inhalts des Werbematerials. Bei der Betrachtung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Vorschriften des Arzneimittelgesetzes von 1968 einerseits und den Selbstbeschränkungen der Verhaltensrichtlinien der Industrie andererseits kommt der Beitrag zu dem Schluß, daß es nicht nur erhebliche Lücken im Wirkungsbereich der Kontrollen gibt, sondern daß auch die Mechanismen für ihre Durchführung bei weitem nicht befriedigend sind. Abschließend werden einige Reformvorschläge gemacht.

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Leigh Hancher lectures in European and Commerical Law in the School of Law at the University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K. She would like to thank Dr. Joe Collier of St. George's Hospital, London, for his kind help in the preparation of this article. The research was supported by a generous grant from the Economic and Social Science Research Committee.     

Information Processing Differences among Broadcast Media: Review and Suggestions for Research

Abstract

The research literature on the processing and cognitive response differences among broadcast media is reviewed and considered in relation to recent theoretical advances, with particular attention being given to resolving the inconsistent findings between the studies. Suggestions are provided for conducting research on the subject.     

Shutting up shop: understanding the international exit process in retailing

Internationalisation is a much-studied phenomenon. Exit from international markets has been less analysed. Where it has been studied, most work has been on motives and causes, with relatively little on processes. This article explores the process of international exit in a retail context. It examines the run-up to, announcement of and fall-out from the decision by Marks and Spencer (one of Britain's leading retailers) to close its French stores. The article concludes that understanding the process of market exit is at least as important both for theoretical and practical reasons as understanding the decision to exit or divest. Further research needs to be undertaken on market exit and the processes involved, in order to contribute further to the theory and practice of internationalisation.     

The impact of scanning on employment in UK food stores: A preliminary analysis

New technology increasingly is being introduced into retailing at the operational level. One particular example is bar code scanning in food stores. By July 1986 there were 636 shops in the UK with operational scanning systems at point‐of‐sale, and of these 60 per cent were food stores. It has been suggested that scanning checkouts can cause change in employment structures and even job loss. This paper investigates some of the employment implications of laser scanning checkouts in a sample of food stores.     

A catalogue of success? Argos and catalogue showroom retailing

With the exception of Argos, catalogue showroom retailing has not been a major success in Europe. Argos, founded in 1973 by the Green Shield stamp entrepreneur, Richard Tompkins, has grown to be one of Britain's leading retailers. Its corporate history, with two periods of independence and two periods as a business unit in a conglomerate, is of interest. Its innovativeness, through its catalogue development and format experimentation, makes Argos important to our understanding of retail change. The catalogues themselves are essential social and retailing history documents. Now part of GUS plc, Argos has to face the challenge and opportunities of the Internet. With experience of the catalogue as an intervening element in the customer purchase process, Argos has further potential as a multichannel retailer.     

The Importance of Store Operator on Superstore Employment Levels

Information from 175 superstores, operated by three companies, is used to investigate the importance of store operator in setting superstore employment levels and types of employment. Store operator is shown to be a significant factor determining employment numbers and types in British superstores.     

New technology in UK retailing: Issues and responses

Technology application in retailing has a considerable history, with applications for the most part aimed at labour cost reduction. The technologies now being applied in retailing and distribution however differ from these earlier ones in a fundamental way. The new technologies in micro‐electronic based computing and micro‐electronic communications differ by being general purpose and flexible and by developing very rapidly. The new technology is enabling changes to take place in the distribution channel. The areas of applications of the new technology and the applications and reasons of technology introduction are analysed in this paper.