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We examine the potentialities of a new indicator measuring the value of English patents in the period 1617–1841. The indicator is based on the relative visibility of each individual patent in the contemporary technical and legal literature as summarized in Bennet Woodcroft's Reference Index of Patents of Invention. We conclude that the indicator provides a reasonable proxy for the value of patents and that it can be usefully employed to shed light on the timing and scope of innovation during the Industrial Revolution. In particular, our indicator offers a suitable reconciliation between the patent records evidence and the Crafts–Harley view of the Industrial Revolution. 相似文献
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Roberto Fontana Alessandro Nuvolari Hiroshi Shimizu Andrea Vezzulli 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(4):785-810
This paper examines the relationship between Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the generation of breakthrough inventions. Our data source for breakthrough inventions is the “R&D 100 awards” competition organized each year by the magazine Research & Development. Since 1963, this magazine has been awarding this prize to 100 most technologically significant new products available for sale or licensing in the year preceding the judgment. We use USPTO patent data to measure the relevant dimensions of the technological regime prevailing in each sector and, on this basis, we provide a characterization of each sector in terms of the Schumpeter Mark I/Schumpeter Mark II archetypes. Our main finding is that breakthrough inventions are more likely to emerge in ‘turbulent’ Schumpeter Mark I type of contexts. 相似文献
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Giovanni Federico Alessandro Nuvolari Michelangelo Vasta 《Review of Income and Wealth》2023,69(2):347-375
The dynamics of economic inequality and its relationship with economic growth in the preindustrial world is increasingly attracting the attention of both economists and economic historians. In this paper, we tackle this theme by introducing new estimates of the labor share in five major European countries (England, France, Holland, Spain, and Portugal) for the period 1250–1850. Our estimates are constructed using an innovative method based on the conversion of real wages in 2011 PPP $. Overall, we find a complex pattern of evolution of the labor share with major fluctuations. Furthermore, using the inequality possibility frontier (IPF) framework, our results suggest that preindustrial Europe was characterized by a negative relationship between the extraction ratio and GDP. 相似文献
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Carolina Castaldi Roberto Fontana Alessandro Nuvolari 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2009,19(4):545-566
We reconsider the notion of technological trajectories by means of a detailed case-study of the evolution of tank technology
between 1915 and 1945. We use principal component analysis to analyze the distribution of technical characteristics and how
they map into specific service characteristics. We find that, despite the existence of differences in technical leadership,
tank designs of different countries show a high degree of overlap and closeness along a common technological trajectory. In
the conclusions, we speculate on whether this pattern can be explained by common heuristics that influenced the rate and direction
of design activities or by doctrinal viewpoints influencing the development and use of tanks in the battlefield.
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Alessandro NuvolariEmail: |
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Collective invention during the British Industrial Revolution: the case of the Cornish pumping engine 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper argues that what Robert Allen has termed collectiveinvention settings (that is, settings in which competing firmsshare technological knowledge) were a crucial source of innovationduring the early phases of industrialisation. Until now thishas been very little considered in the literature, which hasfocused on the patent system as the main institutional arrangementdriving the rate of innovation. The paper presents one of thesecollective invention settings, the Cornish mining district,in detail. It studies the specific economic and technical circumstancesthat led to the emergence of this collective invention settingand analyses its consequences on the rate of technological innovation. 相似文献
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We examine the diffusion of steam technology across British counties during the eighteenth century. First, we provide new
estimates for the regional variations in the timing, pace and extent of usage of steam engines. Our main data source is an
updated version of the list of steam engines erected in Britain during the eighteenth century originally compiled by Kanefsky
and Robey (Technol Cult 21:161–186, 1980). Following a rather established approach for analysing the diffusion of new technologies we fit S-shaped growth functions
to the data on the numbers of steam engines installed in each county. In this way, we are able to provide a comprehensive
appraisal of the relative speed of the diffusion process in different counties. Second, in order to assess the relative importance
of the variables shaping the diffusion of steam power technology, we study the relationship between the number of steam engines
installed in each county and localization factors such as coal prices, availability of water sites, number of textile mills
and number of blast furnaces. 相似文献
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This article examines the phenomenon of independent invention in Italy during the Liberal Age (1861–1913). It makes use of a new dataset comprising all patents granted in Italy in five benchmark years: 1864–5, 1881, 1891, 1902, and 1911. The following exercises are carried out. First, an examination is undertaken of the shares of independent, corporate, and foreign inventions and their evolution over time and across industries. Second, by exploiting the peculiarities of Italian patent legislation, which was characterized by relatively cheap fees and a flexible renewal scheme, the relative quality of independent and corporate patents is assessed. The results indicate that in Italy independent inventors made an important contribution to technological change in terms of number of patents, but the quality of their patents was significantly lower than that of firms and of foreign patentees. 相似文献
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