吉安市螺滩水利水电管理局体制改革实践与思考

本文介绍了螺滩水利水电管理局由于管理机制不活,人员过剩;供水价格形成机制不合理,制约了水库和灌区水利工程可持续发展,通过深化内部改革,定编定岗,推行管养分离,理顺经费来源,建立合理的水价形成机制,强化水费计收管理等改革措施,单位恢复了生机。     

新冠肺炎疫情对全球食物安全的影响及对策

当前,新冠肺炎疫情已在全球扩散,许多本就因为冲突、自然灾害或气候变化而深陷食物不安全的国家和地区的防疫形势也日益严峻。虽然目前全球食物供给总体充足,食物价格稳定,但疫情的快速蔓延将给全球食物安全带来威胁。由于隔离和边境关闭,市场、供应链和贸易受到波及,全球食物的供给受到影响。食物流通渠道可能因运输中断和更加严格的检疫措施而受阻,运输成本和贸易成本增加、效率降低。一些国家为保障国内食物供应而采取限制出口的行为,将影响依赖于粮食进口的国家进口粮食,也不利于依赖于出口初级农产品的低收入发展中国家出口农产品。封锁措施带来的经济影响使居民收入和购买力下降,居民获得充足的营养食物变得更加困难。食物安全不再是一个区域性问题,而是一个需要共同应对的全球性问题,各国应当共同努力,加强合作和全球治理,对最弱势群体采取迅速的保护和援助措施。既要确保国内食物供应链的正常运行,同时,应该保持贸易开放,并利用和创新电子商务保障食物供应,保障全球粮食安全。     

Local governance and public goods provision in rural China

In developing countries, identifying the most effective community-level governance mode is a key issue in rural development; therefore, empirical evaluation of these different modes is desperately needed. Since the 1980s, tens of thousands of villages in rural China have held local government elections, providing a good opportunity to investigate the effect of democratization on the level of public goods provision. Using a recent village survey conducted over a significant period of time, this article compares two different governance modes. It finds that elections affect little on the size of revenue but significantly shift the distribution of taxation from individuals to enterprises if possible. However, privatization has made taxation or levies on rural enterprises more difficult. It also shows that elections and power sharing are conducive to improve the allocation of public expenditures.     

全球视角下的乡村振兴思考

放眼全球,在逆全球化、气候变化、粮食不安全和营养不良等挑战下,城市和乡村都难以独善其身,而乡村及其人口在各国发展政策中普遍且长期被忽视、发展相对滞后,在冲击中将更加脆弱。乡村振兴将日益成为全球性的重要议题。在不同的发展阶段,一些国家将单一的农业发展政策转变为促进乡村发展的综合性方案,对冲农业份额急剧下降、乡村衰退和城乡不平等,并借此提振经济。本文分析了全球乡村发展的关键挑战,总结和反思了代表性国家的乡村发展举措,提出了现阶段进行乡村振兴、将其转化为经济可持续增长的动力,需要强调全球视角并采取将乡村经济构建为城市经济平等伙伴的"城乡融合经济"(Rurbanomics)发展模式,进而明确了对中国乡村振兴战略的启示。     

农业科研与城镇贫困

本文利用时间序列数据，通过建立联立方程组，分析了中国农业科研投资对城镇贫困的影响。首先分析了农业科研投资和农业产量之间的因果关系，然后进一步分析了这种因果关系对食品价格、城镇工资和城镇贫困发生率的效果。结果表明，由于农业科研投资导致城市食品价格下降，农业科研在缓解城镇贫困方面也起了重要作用，随着城市化的迅速推进，如何维持一个足以缓解城镇贫困的农业科研投资水平至关重要。     

Government Spending, Growth and Poverty in Rural India

Using state-level data for 1970–93, a simultaneous equation model was developed to estimate the direct and indirect effects of different types of government expenditure on rural poverty and productivity growth in India. The results show that in order to reduce rural poverty, the Indian government should give highest priority to additional investments in rural roads and agricultural research. These types of investment not only have much larger poverty impacts per rupee spent than any other government investment, but also generate higher productivity growth. Apart from government spending on education, which has the third largest marginal impact on rural poverty and productivity growth, other investments (including irrigation, soil and water conservation, health, and rural and community development) have only modest impacts on growth and poverty per additional rupee spent.