PRICE DYNAMICS,FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND ANTICIPATED SHOCKS IN A TOURISM ECONOMY

Using a dynamic model of an open monetary economy, this paper examines the effects of tourism‐related anticipated shocks on goods prices and foreign exchange reserves. Foreign tourists consume mainly non‐traded goods in holiday destinations, converting them into exportable goods. This gives rise to a tourism terms‐of‐trade effect that affects the accumulation of foreign exchange. Announcements of anticipated events bring tourist visits forward, resulting in an initial under‐adjustment or an over‐adjustment in the prices of the non‐traded goods when the tourism terms‐of‐trade effect is positive or negative. This leads to an increase or a decrease in foreign reserves in the long run.     

Price Stability in Economies with Habit Persistence

This paper shows that the divine‐coincidence does not hold in a sticky price model with external habit if a time‐varying tax rate on labor income is not implemented to fully eliminate the time‐varying distortions associated with external habit and monopoly power in goods market. The required labor income tax rate is inversely related to the risk‐free real interest rate and the markup in the goods market, but it is proportional to the degree of external habit. Under this circumstance, the optimal monetary policy commands a countercyclical interest rate, having a perfect negative correlation with tax rate in the sticky price model with external habit. If a time‐invariant tax is the only fiscal instrument, then the degree of external habit entails a gap between the private marginal rate of substitution between consumption and labor and the social marginal rate of substitution, generating an endogenous trade‐off between the stabilization of welfare‐relevant output gap and inflation. Under this circumstance, price stability is not the optimal policy. The monetary policy authority should optimally try to undo the time‐varying distortions associated with external habit and monopoly power in goods market by deviating from price stability.     

THE SOURCES OF THE DECLINE IN U.S. OUTPUT VOLATILITY

In this paper, we investigate the sources of the decline in U.S. output volatility. We estimate structural vector autoregression models before and after the structural break date of the first quarter of 1984. We find that the magnitude of both supply and demand shocks in the pre-1984 period is greater than that in the post-1984 period. We also find that the relative importance of the demand shocks in the post-1984 has decreased drastically compared to the pre-1984 period. Further counterfactual analyses show that good luck, good policies, and better business practices might have played a role in reducing U.S. output volatility. ( JEL E30, E60, C32)     

REAL AND DISTRIBUTIVE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM PRICE LIBERALIZATION: THE CASE OF INDONESIA

The effect of higher petroleum prices on the aggregate price level, real growth, and income distribution is appraised within a multisector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. A reduction in the government subsidy raises petroleum prices and production costs throughout the economy. Consumer demand, production, and income decline as output prices increase and consumer purchasing power decreases. The model is applied to and calibrated for Indonesia. The simulated results predict a slight increase in the price level and a slight decrease in output. An important result is that urban household groups will be the most significantly affected by the subsidy reduction.     

Detecting Earnings Management: A New Approach

This paper provides a new approach to test for accrual‐based earnings management. Our approach exploits the inherent property of accrual accounting that any accrual‐based earnings management in one period must reverse in another period. If the researcher has priors concerning the timing of the reversal, incorporating these priors can significantly improve the power and specification of tests for earnings management. Our results indicate that tests incorporating reversals increase test power by around 40% and provide a robust solution for mitigating model misspecification arising from correlated omitted variables.     

Inventory Investment and the Empirical Phillips Curve

In this paper, we study the Calvo pricing models with finished goods inventory investment to demonstrate that the current inflation can be expressed as a function of the marginal cost of sales, not the marginal production cost, and expected future inflation. Under the assumption that the true aggregate marginal costs are not observable in actual data, we make use of equilibrium conditions for aggregate finished goods inventories to measure the time series of marginal costs, thereby leading to the construction of inflation series on the basis of the Phillips curve. Our results indicate the possibility of a successful fit of the empirical New Keynesian Phillips curve without relying on unit labor cost—a conventional measure of marginal production cost in the literature.     

The differential information content of earnings announcements: The case of merger*

Abstract. The differential information content hypothesis implies that the magnitude of the abnormal return is a function of firm characteristics such as size or quality of reported earnings. Previous studies, however, provide little linkage to the relationship between firm characteristic changes and stock return behavior around the earnings announcement date. This study examines this relationship with 102 sample firms that experienced mergers from 1977 to 1984. For a sample of firms whose future uncertainty (measured by firm variance) was reduced by merger, a significant reduction in the marginal information content of the earnings announcement after merger was observed. This reduction did not occur, however, for variance-increasing merger firms or for pair-matched control firms. Similar results were obtained when the firm's future uncertainty was measured by merger type classified by how closely industries of merging firms were related. Résumé. L'hypothèse du contenu marginal en information veut que l'ampleur du rendement anormal soit fonction des caractéristiques de l'entreprise telles que la taille ou la qualité des bénéfices déclarés. Jusqu'à maintenant, les études n'établissent qu'une faible relation entre l'evolution des caractéristiques de l'entreprise et le comportement du rendement des actions, à proximité de la date de déclaration des bénéfices. Les auteurs examinent cette relation auprès d'un échantillon de 102 entreprises qui ont connu des fusions entre 1977 et 1984. Travaillant sur un échantillon d'entreprises dont l'incertitude relative à leur avenir (mesurée selon la fluctuation rapportée par l'entreprise) a été réduite à la faveur de la fusion, les auteurs observent une diminution significative du contenu marginal en information de la déclaration des bénéfices après la fusion. Cependant, cette diminution ne s'est pas produite pour les entreprises issues de fusions qui enregistrent une fluctuation croissante ou pour les entreprises dominantes appariées. Les résultats sont similaires lorsque l'incertitude relative à l'avenir de l'entreprise est mesurée en fonction de la nature de la fusion, classée selon la mesure dans laquelle les secteurs d'activité des entreprises fusionnées sont liés.