不完全合同理论的新视角——基于演化经济学的分析

长期以来,主流不完全合同理论一直没有在理论逻辑上圆满解答"合同为什么不完全",其理论基础存在很大的争议,这也导致其研究范式存在内在的逻辑矛盾与冲突,大量有关不完全合同的研究本质上却是关注完全合同。本文尝试从演化经济学的视角重新审视不完全合同理论,强调必须从知识不完全性的视角来阐释合同的不完全性,认为个体的有限认知是合同不完全性的重要理论基础,在此视角下探讨了不完全合同的功能、生成及其演变,并重新考察了权威在不完全合同中的作用。     

Cognition of disaster risk in a tourism community: an agricultural heritage system perspective

Cognition of risk is the first step in reducing disaster damage and losses. In this study, risk cognition in the Hani Rice Terraces, the core tourism attraction in Yuanyang County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan, China, is analyzed based on field survey and participatory geographic information system (GIS). The results show that tourism communities have cognition of risk; are more sensitive to hazards (especially drought); have more severe potential damage and losses from hazards; and also have more enthusiasm to adapt to disaster risk, when compared with a non-tourism community. On disaster vulnerability maps, the tourism communities identified the unique “Forest – Village – Terrace - River” landscape while the non-tourism community only recognized the terrace and the village as the main elements affected by hazard. Also, the tourism communities had deeper understandings of drought, flash floods and landslide disaster risks. A conceptual model based on “Pressure – State – Response” relationships is put forward to explore the situation in which, in the tourism community, terraces have a greater variety of functions and enhanced values resulting in the spatial expansion of hazard effects.     

Towards a Design Science of Ethical Decision Support

Ethical decision making involves complex emotional, cognitive, social, and philosophical challenges. Even if someone wants to be ethical, he or she may not have clearly articulated what that means, or know how to go about making a decision consistent with his or her values. Information technology may be able to help. A decision support system could offer individuals and groups some guidance, assisting them in making a decision that reflects their underlying values. The first step towards a design science of ethical decision support is to develop a theoretical base on which first-generation systems can be built. This paper brings together work in cognitive, social and moral psychology, information systems, and philosophy relevant to ethical decision making. Attributes of a system that would support ethical decision making are described.     

Impacts of technology readiness on emotions and cognition in Brazil

This study proposes and tests an extended model for consumer adoption of high technology products in a Latin American country (Brazil) by integrating concepts present in the consumer behavior literature: the Consumer Acceptance of Technology model (Kulviwat et al., 2007) and the technology readiness construct (Parasuraman, 2000). The proposed model considers the relationships between cognitive and affective constructs with technology readiness. By means of structural equation modeling conducted on a sample of 435 young consumers, the results indicate significant relationships between the constructs assessed, showing that consumers' cognitive and affective evaluations of new technologies are significantly influenced by their technology readiness. The effects of technology readiness over affective assessments were greater than those relative to cognitive evaluations regarding high-tech innovations. Nonetheless, the results may reflect specific characteristics of Brazilian (and other Latin American) consumers, who are usually more emotive than those of more rational cultures.     

基于社会认知论的创业团队人际信任影响因素实证研究

本文将创业团队人际信任划分为认知型信任和情感型信任。然后，基于社会认知视角从成员主体特征、成员关系特征、创业团队文化和创业团队特征四个方面考察创业团队人际信任的影响因素，并运用相关分析和多重逐步回归分析法分别分析了各要素对创业团队中认知型信任和情感型信任的影响程度。研究结果表明：成员能力、成员正直、成员沟通、成员合作、成员竞争、团队行为规范、任务依赖性、角色期待性、目标明确性和成员异质性10个因素对创业团队认知型信任产生显著影响；成员善意、成员信任倾向、成员沟通、成员合作、成员竞争、团队价值观念、团队行为规范和目标明确性8个因素对创业团队情感型信任影响显著。     

REPRESENTATIONS AND INFLUENCE PROCESSES IN GROUPS: TOWARDS A SOCIO-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON COGNITION IN ORGANIZATION

The cognitive approach to organizations assumes the existence of collective representations in organizations. This article critically examines this assumption and proposes the adoption of a socio-cognitive perspective on collective cognition in organizations. This theoretical current, which rejects the traditional individual/social dichotomy and relies on the concept of social representation, advocates the study of social cognition, which implies a change in the unit of analysis from the individual/social levels to interactions. A collective representation is viewed as being related to the socio-cognitive dynamics occurring between interacting group members. Communication and influence processes are thus critical to the construction of a collective representation. The socio-cognitive perspective, and the theory of social influence which it involves, can offer new and important insights on everyday thinking and behaving in organizations. However, this perspective calls for new methodological approaches to the study of organizational cognition.     

Business models and the managerial sensemaking process

This study examines the managerial sensemaking process around business models. Drawing on fieldwork, this study introduces a model to describe how managerial sensemaking occurs around business model development and use. This study shows that managerial sensemaking around business models occurs through a mutually co‐constituted process, a separate yet shared process, or a combination of them resulting from an interplay between sensemaking and sensegiving activities. To facilitate their sensemaking around business models, managers draw on several schemas. Over time, some schemas underlying business models remain unchanged, while others change in varying degrees.     

创业团队认知能力对创业绩效的影响——以双元创业即兴为中介

创业团队作为现代经济社会的创业主体,往往面临敏感脆弱、资源约束等困境。创业团队通过即兴发挥能够提升企业快速应变能力和创造力。基于“认知—行为—绩效”理论范式和认知行为理论,探讨创业情境下团队认知能力对创业绩效的影响,并阐述两者间的作用机理（双元创业即兴）以及边界条件（创业政策）。通过收集299个创业团队样本数据,采用层级回归分析进行实证检验,结果发现,创业团队认知能力的3个维度（创业共识能力、专长配置能力和监测调控能力）对创业绩效均有显著正向影响;双元创业即兴在创业团队认知能力与创业绩效间发挥部分中介作用;创业政策正向调节开发式即兴与创业绩效之间的关系,但在探索式即兴与创业绩效的关系中未发挥显著调节作用。     

Dual-route communication of destination websites

To understand the communication route of destination websites, this study employed the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) which is a dual-route, multi-process model of persuasive message processing. That is, this study proposed a theoretical model for the dual-route persuasive process based on ELM, investigated its antecedents and consequences, and identified the moderating effect of involvement. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to test the validity of the conceptual model. The results indicate that highly involved people are inclined to elaborate on information (central route), while people with low involvement are likely to make judgments based on simple cues (peripheral route). Website design characteristics are an important antecedent of both central and peripheral-route persuasions. Attitudes resulting from careful consideration via the central route are more predictive of conation and behavior (further information searching and travel intentions) than those formed via the peripheral route. The study provides a foundation for further tourism research investigating the Internet as a persuasive tool, and suggests strategies for website designers.     

Memories of Kenneth E.Boulding

The forty-year friendship between the author and Kenneth Boulding was cemented by three affinities. (1) an intense common interest in the system-theoretic approach to the philosophy of science, especially its “organismic” direction; (2) shared feeling that in its development the scientific outlook largely bypassed the introspective mode of cognition; (3)an uncompromising rejection of violence especially of its sanctioned, rationalized type, organized by power elities (war). The wide divergence of out attitude toward religion had no effect on the intimacy and intensity of the friendship.