试论生态林业系统的时空观

生态林业系统具有时间、空间两个序列的开发前景。长周期,大跨度的生态林业生产可以分解为复合的短周期方式,使生态意识与经济效益有机结合。空间组合的多层次立体开发有效地利用了光、热、水、土资源,并获得最大生物量;地域组合着眼宏观,注重研究大型骨干及网络性生态工程问题。     

Ecological integrity as an economic variable: An application to forested landscapes in the southern United States

Ecological integrity is important to fully describe the development of an economy. We calculated an aggregate index that quantifies the closeness of a forested region to a natural state. This naturalness index was based on the diversity of native tree species and sizes for ecological subregions in a seral condition. The index used the spatial–temporal array of sample plots from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database of the USDA Forest Service. In the 70 survey units of the southern US between 1961 and 2005 the naturalness of forests generally improved with per capita personal income and population. The increase with income was consistent with the hypothesis of an environmental Kuznets curve for forested landscapes.     

对我国生态环境保护的初步探讨

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,由于现代工农业生产而造成了严重的环境污染,尤其是大量使用农用化学品所导致的生态失调与环境破坏,已严重威胁到人类生存环境及生活健康。今后社会发展必须大力提倡与推广无公害、无污染的清洁生产,全面实现生产的"零污染"与废物的"零排放"、保护环境与追求生态和谐的发展目标。     

Mongolian nomadic culture and ecological culture: On the ecological reconstruction in the agro-pastoral mosaic zone in Northern China

After analyzing the grassland environmental characteristics and nomads vs. agrarian land use styles and their ecological and environmental influences in the arid and semiarid agro-pastoral mosaic zone in northern China, it was concluded that Mongolian nomadic culture is more close to the basic principles of the ecological culture in the modern sense. Mongolian nomadic culture has advantages over agrarian culture in ecology and environmental care, sustainable utilization of grasslands, and in sustainable human social economic development in the region. Generally speaking nomadic culture prevents desertification; whereas, agrarian culture facilitates desertification. Confliction between nomadic protection and agrarian destruction of grassland ecosystem is essentially focused on the problem of regional and even global ecological safety. Obviously, protection of ecological safety should be given priority because human social and economic existence, as well as development depend on and are decided by the vulnerable ecological safety in the arid and semiarid areas. Therefore expansion of cropping into the fragile ecosystem of arid lands was unfortunate. The long term sustainable management of these grassland ecosystems could benefit from reversal of policies that are exacerbating the problems of land degradation, and from the adoption of land use practices that have been successfully applied for centuries by Mongolian herders. Protection of grasslands and nomadic culture is far more important or even vital to the subsistence and sustainability of human and all other beings, compared to the protection of agrarian lifestyle and land cultivation. Protection of ecologic safety is protecting the premise and fundamental bases of economic and social development in the area. It is important to derive the rational elements of nomadic culture in construction of ecological culture, and in the ecological reconstruction in northern China. Based on analyzing and reasoning in line with the quintessence of nomadic culture summarized, some proposals on ecological reconstruction in the area are presented.     

When is it coevolution?

This paper evaluates the differences between Norgaard's and Winder et al.'s approach to socio-environmental coevolution. Winder et al. emphasize the evolutionary dynamics of coevolutionary change. These were omnipresent in Norgaard's work but they have not been adequately explored by other ecological economists. I argue that Winder et al.'s definition of coevolution is in essence the same as Norgaard's and that their real differences are, how they see coevolution applied and how far they are willing to draw a priori a line between evolutionary and non-evolutionary socio-environmental dynamics. My thesis is that at this stage a more open approach to evolutionary dynamics and coevolution a la Norgaard is a wiser strategy than Winder et al.'s narrower approach.     

基于生态足迹理论的生态经济系统发展能力分析

本文介绍了加拿大生态经济学家William教授提出并由其学生Wackerngel完善的生态足迹模型，总结了前人基于该模型得出的Shannon-Weaver公式、Ulanowicz的发展能力公式，指出该公式能更好地反映区域生态经济系统的发展能力。利用全国、广东省、四川省、四川南充市等不同区域2001年生态足迹计算结果、计算出不同区域层面上的生态系统多样性和发展能力分别为1.9367、1.7947、2.0526、1.1049，说明其生态足迹的发展能力均超过生态存量的发展能力。选取了四川省南充市作为特定区域进行生态足迹和生态足迹效益的时间序列计算，进行生态经济系统多样性和发展能力的动态变化分析。最后．指出提高生态经济系统多样性指数和发展能力的一条重要途径是增加生态足迹的多样性。     

黑河流域生态环境保护和建设

黑河是我国西北地区一个较大的内陆河，该流域由于人口压力，林牧矛盾，水资源粗放利用，出现了严重的土地沙化，盐化，沙尘暴等生态问题，本文提出应执行抢救性水源林生态环境建设，合理配置和科学利用水资源，实施跨流域调水等补水工程，构建生态农业体系的发展方略，实现黑河流域生态良性循环，促进区域经济，社会的可持续发展。     

循环经济的本质与我国发展循环经济的路径选择

本文从循环经济的基本理论入手,探讨了循环经济概念的渊源,指出循环经济是一种全新的发展模式,并且论述了发展循环经济的必要性,分析了中国发展循环经济面临的问题,最后提供了推进循环经济的路径选择:加大宣传发展循环经济的重要意义;不断调整和优化产业结构;建立和完善循环经济政策和体制;为循环经济发展提供有力的技术支撑;探索建立绿色国民经济核算体系;加强国际合作,追踪先进理论和科技等八项措施.     

岷江上游生态重建的模式

本文在分析岷江上游干旱河谷区生态环境问题的基础上，阐述了该区生态退化是脆弱的自然生态环境和人类的不合理经济营活动综合作用的结果，指出生态恢复与重建必须与经济建设紧密结合，走生态经济发展之路，将岷江上游干温河谷区划分为干旱河谷粮果林生态我，中山，亚高山林药菌生态林业区，高山灌丛草甸，草甸生态特业区，并提出了不同的生态经济类型区的生态恢复与重建模式，最后，论述了生态恢复与重建的工程措施，生物措施及管理措施。     

黄土高原开发生态旅游前景看好

现代旅游业被视为促进经济发展的推动力，应成为黄土高原地区的先导产业，生态旅游应成为优先发展的旅游项目，本文概述了生态旅游的原则，特性和实质及在黄土高原地区开发生态旅游的必要性前提下，将黄土高原分为12个旅游区，指出黄土高原地区发展生态旅游的不足之处并提出应对策略。