Separate waste collection in mountain municipalities. A case study in Campania

This paper aims to analyse the impact of land characteristics (i.e. altimetry and housing dispersion) on separate waste collection, with a focus on mountain municipalities. The high spatial heterogeneity of the driving factors of separate waste collection allows traditional techniques, such as OLS, to offer only a partial depiction of the situation, missing important information. In this view, we perform the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), which allows to control for the local determinants of waste management. Our data cover 550 municipalities of Campania, in Southern Italy. We control for a set of morphological and socio-economic variables, drawn from official records for 2012. Our results show that the relationships between land characteristics and separate waste collection are not constant over space. Moreover, they suggest that in the presence of non-modifiable factors (such as land characteristics) local governments should act on citizen motivations, promoting awareness on environmental issues, and should implement time-saving collection methods.     

How much do alternative cookstoves reduce biomass fuel use? Evidence from North India

Despite widespread global efforts to promote clean cookstoves to achieve improvements in air and forest quality, and to reduce global climate change, surprisingly little is known about the degree to which these actually reduce biomass fuel consumption in real-world settings. Using data from in-house weighing of fuel conducted in rural India, we examine the impact of cleaner cookstoves ⿿ most of which are LPG stoves ⿿ on three key outcomes related to solid fuel use. Our results suggest that using a clean cookstove is associated with daily reductions of about 4.5 kg of biomass fuel, 160 fewer minutes cooking on traditional stoves, and 105 fewer minutes collecting biomass fuels. These findings of substantial savings are robust to the use of estimators with varying levels of control for selection, and to alternative data obtained from household self-reports. Our results support the idea that efforts to promote clean stoves among poor rural households can reduce solid fuel use and cooking time, and that rebound effects toward greater amounts of cooking on multiple stoves are not sufficient to eliminate these gains. We also find, however, that households who have greater wealth, fewer members, are in less marginalized groups, and practice other health-averting behaviors, are more likely to use these cleaner stoves, which suggests that socio-economic status plays an important role in determining who benefits from such technologies. Future efforts to capture social benefits must therefore consider how to promote the use of alternative technologies by poor households, given that these households are least likely to own clean stoves.     

机械设计教学中对Solid Edge CAD的应用研究

本文主要探究了机械设计教学中对Solid Edge三维CAD软件的应用。以往机械设计教学中由于技术的限制,其操作复杂,得出的工程图也不够直观,Solid Edge软件的推出,由于其操作简便、制作过程简单以及易学易用等优点成为了高校机械设计教学中的首选软件,应用十分广泛。     

Cost of skeletal-related events in European patients with solid tumours and bone metastases: data from a prospective multinational observational study

Abstract

Objectives:

Patients with bone metastases often experience skeletal-related events (SREs: radiation or surgery to bone, pathologic fracture, and spinal cord compression). This study examined health resource utilization and costs associated with SREs.

Methods:

Data presented are from the European cohort (Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK) of patients with solid tumours enrolled in a multi-national, prospective, observational study in patients with solid tumours or multiple myeloma. Patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score 0–2 and life expectancy ≥6 months, who experienced an SRE up to 97 days before enrolment, were eligible. Health resource utilization associated with SREs (including number/length of inpatient stays, numbers of procedures and outpatient visits) were collected through chart review for up to 97 days before enrolment and prospectively during follow-up. Country-specific cost calculations were performed.

Results:

In total, 478 eligible patients contributed 893 SREs to this analysis. Radiation to bone occurred most frequently (66% of total). Spinal cord compression (7%) and surgery to bone (10%) were the least common events, but most likely to require inpatient stays. The most costly SREs were also spinal cord compression (mean per SRE across countries, €4884–€12,082) and surgery to bone (€3348–€9407). Inpatient stays were the main cost drivers.

Limitations:

Health resource utilization used to calculate the costs associated with SREs may have been under-estimated as a result of exclusion of patients with low performance status or life expectancy; unavailable information and exclusion of resource consumption associated with pain. Thus, the estimate of associated costs is likely to be conservative.

Conclusions:

SREs result in considerable health resource utilization, imposing a substantial financial burden driven by inpatient stays. Treatments that prevent/delay SREs may help ease this burden, thereby providing cost savings across European healthcare systems.     

传统立体印刷材料系统的开发工艺

如果缺少对立体印刷（3DP）技术的研究经验将难以开发一种新型的应用于此领域的材料系统,因为立体印刷的灵活性要求其具有大量材料参数和工艺参数。本文详细介绍了开发立体印刷工艺的各个实施步骤,以及各个步骤中使用到的工具和注意事项。该材料系统的开发流程可以加深对立体印刷工艺的理解,帮助用户充分利用立体印刷的相对灵活性,加速新材料系统的发展。同时,本文以应用立体印刷材料系统开发高致密陶瓷牙制品为例,介绍立体印刷的灵活性。     

由二维平面会计到三维立体会计的设计探索

现行会计是平面会计，以资产和权益作为平面的两雏结构，人们看到的只是事物的一个侧面，无法把握其整体情况。运用立体解析几何的方法重新设计会计系统，在原来两个维度，即资产和权益的基础上，寻找出第三个维度，共同构成三雏立体空间，可以构架成为一种新的立体会计系统：三维会计。     

新型固相萃取材料在样品前处理技术中的应用研究进展

固相萃取是近年来发展比较迅速的样品前处理技术,固相萃取材料的选择是影响固相萃取效率的主要因素之一。本研究对近年来新型的固相萃取材料及其在样品前处理技术中的应用进行综述,并对其未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

基于Solid works平面与平面立体交线求解辨析

本文结合《画法几何》教学中"平面与平面立体交线"的基本问题,利用Solid works"工程图"工具,综合运用"图解法、图示法",先根据题设进行三维实体适型,再由此生成三视图,帮助学生分析相互关系,提高学生认识基础和思辨能力。     

气相色谱法测定水果、蔬菜中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

【目的】建立快速、准确测定水果、蔬菜中4种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的方法。【方法】微波加速反应系统提取农药残留,固相萃取（SPE）柱净化,毛细管柱气相色谱法-μECD检测器测定。【结果】可同时分离检测4种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留,检出限均可达到0．00μg／mL,甲氰菊酯在0．001-5μg／mL范围内、其他3种菊酯在0．001～10μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r〉0．9990;回收率为76．2％-105．9％,相对标准偏差为3．4％-12．0％。【结论】本方法灵敏度高、净化效果好、节省时间。     

固相萃取—液相色谱分析蔬菜中噻菌灵和苯菌灵残留量

[目的]建立一种同时测定蔬菜中噻菌灵和苯菌灵残留量的方法。[方法]样品采用酸性甲醇提取,提取液经LC-SCX固相萃取小柱净化,以甲醇-甲酸（0.05%）为流动相,配备Symmetry-C18柱、紫外检测器（280 nm）的高效液相色谱仪对待测组份进行了分离和测定。[结果]噻菌灵在蔬菜样品中的添加回收率在77.2%～102.0%之间,变异系数（RSD）小于10%;苯菌灵在蔬菜样品中的添加回收率在75.4%～96.6%之间,变异系数（RSD）也小于10%,均满足残留分析要求,噻菌灵和苯菌灵在样品中的最低检出浓度为0.01mg/kg。[结论]本方法操作过程简单快速,重复性好,能满足蔬菜中噻菌灵和多菌灵残留量同时检测的要求。