‘Double marginalization’ problems: evidence from the Korean fixed-to-mobile service market

In this paper, examination of the possibility of a ‘double marginalization’ problem existing in the Korean telecommunication industry is conducted and suggestions are made for the provision of a new scheme to eliminate this possibility by changing the pricing system for fixed-to-mobile calls. Based on five key economic characteristics in the Korean mobile market, a simple model for double marginalization in the telecommunication market is introduced. Evidence was found to suggest that a double marginalization problem is likely to exist within Korea's telecommunication industry as it is presently structured, and that this problem is further likely to have an adverse effect on the industry by inflating the price of fixed-to-mobile calls. Two alternatives are proposed to effectively remedy this double marginalization issue. It is also shown that prices of fixed-to-mobile calls could be lowered by changing the caller pays principle into a receiver pays principle.     

Conditioning as disintegration

Conditional probability distributions seem to have a bad reputation when it comes to rigorous treatment of conditioning. Technical arguments are published as manipulations of Radon–Nikodym derivatives, although we all secretly perform heuristic calculations using elementary definitions of conditional probabilities. In print, measurability and averaging properties substitute for intuitive ideas about random variables behaving like constants given particular conditioning information.
One way to engage in rigorous, guilt-free manipulation of conditional distributions is to treat them as disintegrating measures—families of probability measures concentrating on the level sets of a conditioning statistic. In this paper we present a little theory and a range of examples—from EM algorithms and the Neyman factorization, through Bayes theory and marginalization paradoxes—to suggest that disintegrations have both intuitive appeal and the rigor needed for many problems in mathematical statistics.     

Selling Versus Leasing of Durable Goods: The Impact on Marketing Channels

While many durable products are sold through intermediaries, there is limited understanding of how channel performance is influenced by transactions involving durable goods in a competitive market. In particular, extant research shows that intermediaries can significantly impact the leasing versus selling policy of a monopolistic manufacturer. This article seeks to fill that gap by examining the selling versus leasing choice of duopolistic manufacturers in the context of decentralized channels. Our analysis demonstrates that in addition to the unique equilibrium of selling, a prisoner's dilemma may arise where both manufacturers are better off if they were to lease their products.     

From elite capture to marginalization of the poorest: a new social exclusion in anti-poverty programmes in China

Based on a case study of state-directed aid resources in anti-poverty programmes, we detected a new phenomenon of social exclusion in China. In a period of several years, a shift is observed from elite capture to marginalization of the poorest. This phenomenon occurs under the administrative pressure from the authoritarian state and the morbid democratic mechanism. Contemporary structural changes in economic and social culture also make it difficult for marginal people to escape from this predicament. From a social structural transformation point of view, we suggest that the marginalization of the poorest should be seriously taken into consideration in rural development programmes and policies.     

Price promotion with reference price effects in supply chain

We consider the price promotion in a supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer, who take into account the reference price effects of consumers. The problem is analyzed as a manufacturer-lead Stackelberg game. The results indicate that reference price effects could mitigate “double marginalization” effects, and improve the channel efficiency. We also show that the optimal price promotion benefits the manufacturer, retailer and consumers in consumer promotion model. Furthermore, we provide the conditions under which the retailer has an interest in offering price promotion to consumers. Finally, we employ numerical analysis to demonstrate more managerial insights.     

媒介时代文学的边缘化探析

电子媒介的兴起使传统的文学步入边缘化的境地——远离艺术中心,沦为最低级的科学。从文学媒体介质的变化、阅读主体与接受主体、后现代的审美取向等角度观察现代传媒对文学的影响：改变因垄断话语权而使少数精英滋生不可一世的贵族心态的传统文学观念,使其由崇高、严肃、宏大、华丽典雅的审美趣味向朴素、通俗的大众化和世俗化倾斜。     

企业员工边缘化的结构维度与人口学变量的差异性分析

组织有效性是组织研究中的一个中心主题,研究者和实践者都设法确定能够增加组织有效的行为和减少无效的行为的一种组织结构和行为。员工边缘化理论为研究组织有效性提供了一个新的视角。近年来,员工边缘化问题得到了学界和实务界的共同关注,但大都停留在理论探索阶段,尚缺乏一个成熟的员工边缘化测量量表。本研究探索性地设计了一个五维度的员工边缘化内容结构量表,具有较好的效度与信度,在此基础上,检验了员工边缘化对离职意向的显著预测作用,并进行了员工边缘化及其各个维度在人口学变量上的差异性分析。     

中国企业员工边缘化的结构维度与人群特征

近年来,员工边缘化问题得到了学界和实务界的共同关注,但大都停留在理论探索阶段,尚缺乏一个成熟的员工边缘化测量量表。研究表明,中国企业员工边缘化的内容结构包括工作意义边缘化、企业文化边缘化、人际关系边缘化、利益互动边缘化、团队角色边缘化5个维度;员工边缘化水平能够预测离职意向水平。当员工主动或被动边缘化后,很可能产生较强离职意向;员工边缘化在性别、年龄、工作年限、企业性质上没有显著差异,但在学历、婚姻状况、岗位层级上存在显著差异,学历低的、未婚的、岗位层级较低的员工往往容易被边缘化。     

Some Reflections on U.S. Treaty Commitments

Abstract

The world oil price has risen significantly since the late 1990s and reached a record high in 2008. The recent oil price hike raises concerns regarding the possible negative effects of the rising oil price on the economy as in the 1970s. We investigate the effects of the oil price hike on the Korean economy using a Bayesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DGSE) model. We explicitly model the small open economy nature of the Korean economy and its oil usage and estimate the constructed model within a unified Bayesian framework. We also examine possible changes in the effects of world oil shocks on the Korean economy using counterfactual simulations. We find the adverse effects of world oil shocks as well as their importance in Korean business cycles have diminished due to reductions in the relative usage of crude oil in the economy, while world oil shocks themselves have changed relatively little over time.