Biological Adaptation in Human Societies: a ‘Basic Needs’ Approach

The groundzero premise (so to speak) of the biological sciences is that survival and reproduction is the basic, continuing, inescapable problem for all living organisms; life is at bottom a survival enterprise. It follows that survival is the paradigmatic problem for human societies as well; it is a prerequisite for any other, more exalted objectives. Although the term adaptation is also familiar to social scientists, until recently it has been used only selectively, and often very imprecisely. Here a more rigorous and systematic approach to the concept of adaptation is proposed in terms of basic needs. The concept of basic human needs has a venerable history – tracing back at least to Plato and Aristotle. Yet the development of a formal theory of basic needs has lagged far behind. The reason is that the concept of objective, measurable needs is inconsistent with the theoretical assumptions that have dominated economic and social theory for most of this century, namely, valuerelativism and cultural determinism. Nevertheless, there have been a number of efforts over the past 30 years to develop more universalistic criteria for basic needs, both for use in monitoring social wellbeing (social indicators) and for public policy formulation. Here I will advance a strictly biological approach to perationalizing the concept of basic needs. It is argued that much of our economic and social life (and the motivations behind our revealed preferences and subjective utility assessments), not to mention the actions of modern governments, are either directly or indirectly related to the meeting of our basic survival needs. Furthermore, these needs can be specified to a first approximation and supported empirically to varying degrees, with the obvious caveat that there are major individual and contextual variations in their application. Equally important, complex human societies generate an array of instrumental needs which, as the term implies, serve as intermediaries between our primary needs and the specific economic, cultural and political contexts within which these needs must be satisfied. An explicit framework of Survival Indicators, including a profile of Personal Fitness and an aggregate index of Population Fitness, is briefly elucidated. Finally, it is suggested that a basic needs paradigm could provide an analytical tool (a biologic) for examining more closely the relationship between our social, economic and political behaviors and institutions and their survival consequences, as well as providing a predictive tool of some value.     

企业生态效率指标研究

环境会计管理的目的是使环境成本投入所达到的环保效果与环保经济效益最大化,以实现可持续经营。选择适当的环境业绩指标和财务业绩指标,并把它们很好地结合起来,能够充分反映和恰当评价企业的财务和环境效益,有利于使企业业绩评价更加全面、合理。本文根据国内外生态效率指标的研究状况,结合环境业绩指标和财务指标,探讨生态效率指标的重要作用,并试图构建出更为合理和有效的生态效率指标。     

物流产业评价指标与方法的探讨

本文首先对物流产业的概念进行界定,提出物流产业的判断基准;然后根据物流产业的内涵进行评价指标的设计,主要包括物流产业规模、效益、结构、资源、市场潜力等五个大类指标;最后运用主成分分析法建立物流产业的评价模型.     

Environmental quality indicators: Background,principles and examples from Norway

The need for a simple and general overview of the development in the state of the environment has led to work on environmental indicators in several countries and international organizations. Except for the basic common requirement of providing an overview, the works vary a great deal with regard to final aim, target groups, classification and, hence, choice of indicators. This paper gives an overview of the work carried out in the Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway within this field, with emphasis on the basic principles behind the choice of indicators. A hierarchical system of indicator sets is proposed, and examples of indicators are presented. Also, a brief overview of work carried out elsewhere is included.     

联合国对住房权实现的指标化评估与监控框架

对于一项权利而言,其实现与保障是最为核心和根本的问题。作为一种基本人权的公民住房权,目前在世界各国、尤其是发展中国家面临严峻的挑战。但由于缺乏统一的方法和解决路径,我们无法深入地揭示人类住房权实现与保障中存在的关键性困境和障碍,也就无法有效地推动住房权实现进程。联合国人居署在内罗毕会议上制定了一套具有重要参考价值的住房权指标体系,包含住房适足性指标、强制驱逐指标、露宿指标、平等性指标、法律保障指标、国际融入指标等,为建立普遍适用的住房权评估与监控机制提供了重要的基础框架。该框架还有许多亟待补充和完善之处,但其为推动人类住房权的实现与保障提供了极具价值的计量方法,开启了人类住房权事业的新纪元。     

专利权收购战略下的专利价值影响因素分析

在以信息和知识为基础的后现代经济时代,专利权由于可以通过许可、出售、建立屏障以及作为第三方侵犯专利权时的证明而成为公司最重要的资产。本文从公司外购专利技术的战略角度出发,运用负二项回归,以1996—2006年中国公司在美国专利商标局获得授权的专利为样本,对专利价值的影响因素进行了分析。     

Momentum in the Chinese Stock Market: Evidence from Stochastic Oscillator Indicators

ABSTRACT

We explore whether investors earn profits through the use of stochastic oscillator indicators (SOI) for trading stocks. The results reveal that investors might use momentum strategies when trading constituent stocks of SSE 50 as the overbought trading signals emitted by SOI. We infer that the results might be caused by herding behaviors of Chinese investors since overoptimistic moods are likely to exist as evidenced by the 80 percent trading volume traded by individual investors in the Chinese stock market.     

成品油销售综合经营指标三级预警机制探索--中国石油陕西销售公司的经营实践

2018年以来,中国石油陕西销售公司采用"红橙黄"经营指标三级预警机制,把复杂的量价关系、促销经营和费用成本管控,通过指标量化。一是以经营活动分析为基础,围绕业务指标、财务指标及支撑体系,建立了综合经营指标长效预警机制。二是通过大数据平台,形成业务运行数据每日监控,实现对月度指标的跟踪预警。中国石油陕西销售公司以"红橙黄"经营指标三级预警为抓手,将综合指标评价理念贯穿到经营全过程中,为生产经营活动提供了直观的决策依据,实现了提质增效的目标。     

均值-极差控制图在阀门质量控制中的应用

产品的质量控制是企业获取市场的重要保证。针对阀门关键质量指标,结合企业生产现场采集阀门直径数据,借助minitab软件对所测得的数据进行统计处理,绘制出阀门直径的均值-极差(-R)图,据此断判出生产过程的质量控制状态,为阀门生产过程的质量控制提供了保障。