经济学不是数学

对经济学的不加限制的“数学化”可能正在阉割经济学的本质。只要人类的思想、情感、行为还不能“精确”为一组数字，那么经济学就只能是一门关于“人”的科学，而不是一门关于“数字”的科学，经济学和数学就始终存在着一个不可逾越的界限。经济学的根本方法并不是数学，而是唯物辩证法。数学只是经济学的分析工具。远离了人文精神，抛弃了唯物辩证法，经济学就只剩下了一堆数字、图表、模型，经济学中的主体——人就被消解了。     

Materialism, status signaling, and product satisfaction

The consumer satisfaction literature has not, for the mos part, integrated individual values into the product evaluation process. Yet a comprehensive understanding of consumer satisfaction can best be attained by including both consumer and product factors. To demonstrate the usefulness of including individual values, this research focuses on one consumer value, namely, materialism. The authors empirically explore how this individual value is linked to consumers’ evaluations of products they have purchased. Using surveys, the authors collected data from a sample of college students (n=211) and a sample of adults (n=270). Across these two studies, using divergent samples and products, they find consistent evidence that materialism is negatively related to product satisfaction in product categories with high potential for status signaling, but unrelated to product satisfaction in product categories with lower potential for status signaling. The consumption goals that produce these product evaluations are empirically addressed Jeff Wang (jianfeng76@yahoo.com; PhD, City University of Hong Kong) is an assistant professor of marketing in the Faculty of Business at the City University of Hong Kong. This work was conducted when he was a doctoral student of marketing in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. His research interests include social networks and consumer behavior, consumer satisfaction and well-being, materialism and consumption meanings, and consumer interests and public policy issues. His dissertation studies credit card debt as a socially embedded phenomenon and investigates how consumers leverage their interpersonal ties as they accumulate and repay their debt. Melanie Wallendorf (mwallendorf@eller.arizona.edu) is Soldwedel Professor of Marketing in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. She holds an MS in sociology and a PhD in marketing from the University of Pittsburgh. Her articles on the sociocultural aspects of consumption have been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Advertising and Society Review, Addiction, Journal of Macromarketing, andAmerican Behavioral Scientist, among others. Her coauthored article on “The Sacred and Profane in Consumer Behavior” won theJournal of Consumer Research Best Article Award in 1992. Her research has been featured in theWall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The New York Times, American Demographics, andFortune, and has been funded by the Marketing Science Institute, the Arizona Disease Control Research Commission, and the Office of Earth Science at NASA.     

Bank CEO materialism: Risk controls,culture and tail risk

We investigate how the prevalence of materialistic bank CEOs has evolved over time, and how risk management policies, non-CEO executives’ behavior and tail risk vary with CEO materialism. We document that the proportion of banks run by materialistic CEOs increased significantly from 1994 to 2004, that the strength of risk management functions is significantly lower for banks with materialistic CEOs, and that non-CEO executives in banks with materialistic CEOs insider trade more aggressively around government intervention during the financial crisis. Finally, we find that banks with materialistic CEOs have significantly more downside tail risk relative to banks with non-materialistic CEOs.     

对物质宇宙的爱意与崇仰——兼论唯物主义的智本形态与情本形态

唯物主义理论有着不同的理论形式和形态,这些理论形态或形式随着人类的实践的深入而不断改变。近代工业革命以来,唯物主义建立在牛顿力学的基础上,将自然看作机械的,以开发自然、征服自然为旗帜。但工业革命所带来的环境问题、生态问题在现代则越来越困扰、甚至威胁着人类的生存。唯物主义就必须改变它的内容与形态,以自然之子的态度定位人与物质宇宙的关系,崇仰宇宙、敬畏宇宙,不是从纯粹知的形式,而且也从爱的、情智的关系上理解唯物主义的内涵与唯物主义的新形式。     

消费者生活方式与物质主义价值观的相关性研究

本文主要研究生活方式与物质主义价值观的相关关系。基于495位消费者的问卷调查数据，借助因子分析方法，探索出11个生活方式因子，利用这11个因子进行聚类分析，将调查样本划分为5个子市场。随后，用方差分析法分析得出结果：5个子市场在物质主义价值观上有显著性差异，并用最小显著差异法进行两两比较，确认了具有不同生活方式的消费者在物质主义价值观上的差别。     

The Antecedents and Consequences of Travelers' Need for Uniqueness: An Empirical Study of Restaurant Experiences

Dining out at a restaurant is one of the most important parts of travelers' tourism experience. The purpose of this research was to examine the antecedents and consequences of travelers' need for uniqueness (CNFU) in their restaurant experiences. Based on a literature review, three theoretical antecedents (perceived firm innovativeness (PFI), perceived firm uniqueness, and brand prestige) and three theoretical consequences (utilitarian value, hedonic value, and behavioral intentions) were proposed. During this process, it was theorized that consumers' uniqueness-seeking behaviors can be strengthened and/or weakened by three psychological moderators: attention to social comparison information (ATSCI), face consciousness, and materialism. By integrating the theoretical arguments, a structural model was proposed. The proposed model was tested using data collected from 379 travelers who had dined out at a luxury restaurant in the past three months. According to the data analysis results, PFI, perceived firm uniqueness, and brand prestige were all confirmed to be important factors in enhancing CNFU. Furthermore, it was determined that CNFU bears a positive impact on behavioral intentions, an impact that is mediated by perceived value. Lastly, the moderating roles of ATSCI and materialism were found to be significant. In the latter part of this research, managerial implications derived from the data analysis results are discussed.     

Materialism and conspicuous consumption in China: a cross‐cultural examination

With the growing rise in consumer spending and economic power in Asian societies, it is increasingly important to explore the implications of these developments on consumer culture. This cross‐cultural study first discusses the rise of materialism and conspicuous consumption in post‐revolution China then examines differences in these phenomena between young adult consumers, aged 18–35, living in urban China and the United States. Utilizing survey data from over 600 respondents, significant differences were found in both materialism and conspicuous consumption, with Chinese young adults scoring higher in both variables. The findings show, that compared with past comparative studies, it appears both materialism and conspicuous consumption are on the rise among urban Chinese consumers.     

生产力:"是什么"与"什么是"——从"系统论"看马克思的"生产力"理论

关于“生产力”，马克思有诸多提法和表述。正确认识和处理不同含义的生产力概念及其相互关系，无疑是正确地理解和把握马克思的生产力理论乃至整个唯物史观的重要前提。本文运用现代“系统论”方法，分别就生产力系统的“系统质”、系统内部的“要素”和“结构”、系统外部的“环境”和“条件”进行梳理和剖析。基本结论是：要把“系统质”的一般层面的生产力规定与内部“要素”和“结构”、外部“环境”和“条件”等具体层面的生产力规定区别开来；前者回答的是生产力“是什么”的问题，后者回答的则是“什么是”生产力的问题；既不能把这些不同层次的生产力规定混为一谈，更不能用具体层面的任何一种生产力规定去排斥甚至取代一般层面的生产力规定。     

基于历史唯物主义的审计本质再认识

历史唯物主义是分析问题、解决问题的强大工具。运用历史唯物主义观点，澄清理论界对审计本质的误解，建立审计本质的评判标准，依据评判标准对现有研究进行评析，并给出审计本质的全新解释。     

Postmodern Values and Leisure in Young Spanish University Students: An Exploratory Study

This article reports exploratory research about tendencies toward postmaterialism in university students. This paper used the theoretical framework proposed by Inglehart regarding three categories of leisure: postmaterialist, materialist and common. Students from a Spanish university (N = 1036) completed questionnaires that evaluated their materialist-postmaterialist values, how often they practiced the activities included in each category of leisure and the motivational factors involved in them. The results revealed that university students showed a tendency toward postmaterialism. Further, relationships were found between materialist-postmaterialist values and categories of leisure. This study results suggested that the tendency toward postmaterialist values may be a factor in structuring the leisure patterns of young Spanish university students.