Borrowing constraints,parental altruism and welfare

This paper investigates the welfare impact of a borrowing constraint that does not allow children to borrow against future income. In an overlapping-generations model with altruistic parents, the inability to borrow increases children’s savings and parental transfers, raising children’s welfare as well as average welfare in the short-run and in the long-run.Additionally, the borrowing constraint raises aggregate savings and, hence, physical capital. Consequently, when prices are flexible, the positive welfare impact of the constraint is higher.     

Brands as cultural resources in children’s peer culture

This article examines how children collectively appropriate brands as cultural resources. From the New Childhood Studies perspective, an ethnographic study was conducted in schools to investigate the engagement of 10- to 11-year-old children in brand culture. The findings demonstrate that, through a process similar to Corsaro’s model of interpretive reproduction, children do not simply reproduce brand culture; instead, they actively use branding to fuel their peer culture. Mastering and manipulating brands are thus sources for integration or exclusion within the peer group and for differentiation from the adult world. We show the paradoxical impacts of branding on children’s well-being and participate in the debate on their vulnerability to marketing by highlighting how they deploy brand culture to interact in their social spheres, with the consequence being that their would-be empowerment remains entangled in the “brandscape.” Last, we contribute to a better understanding of the concept of culturally based brand literacy.     

风险评估标准和儿童用品风险评估研究

本文对国内外的风险评估相关标准进行了研究，分析了标准术语、适用领域方面的差异，总结了产品质量安全风险评估的一般过程，并提出了儿童用品质量安全风险评估的构想。     

Children aged 9-14 living in disadvantaged areas in England: Opportunities and barriers for cycling

The aim of this paper is to take a holistic perspective to explore levels of cycling and opportunities and barriers to increase children’s safer cycling in disadvantaged areas in England. The study was one part of a larger study which explored the factors underlying the high level of road traffic casualties especially among children in the most disadvantaged areas of England and to explore how this impacts on mobility and quality of life. The methods involved a cross sectional survey comprising school based questionnaire surveys with children aged 9-14 and focus groups with parents who had children within this age range. The surveys were conducted in 2007 and the focus groups during 2008. 4286 children completed the survey and eight focus groups were held. Bike ownership (77%) was high, use in previous week moderate (39%) but only 2% cycled to school. Ownership was significantly lower in minority ethnic groups. Despite young children’s strong preference to travel by cycle (30%) than walk or go by car, most parents felt it was too hazardous. It is unlikely that these findings would be any different from the rest of England, however the combination of environmental and social factors may elevate the risks for young cyclists in these areas. This paper concludes that a number of barriers exist to increasing levels of cycling among children living in disadvantaged areas particularly amongst ethnic groups. These barriers could be addressed by environmental modifications to reduce speeds and by reducing the levels of antisocial driving and riding in residential areas and around destinations where children travel, by providing cycle training to improve children’s skills and parent’s confidence, and by providing secure storage facilities for bikes. Until these barriers are addressed it is unlikely that cycling will increase despite the strong preferences children have to travel by bike. Such preferences to cycle provide an opportunity for local authorities to act on.     

The incremental time costs of children: An analysis of children's impact on adult time use in Australia

Abstract

Raising children takes both time and money. Scholars have sought convincing ways to capture the costs of children, but even when these estimates include indirect costs, such as mothers' foregone earnings, they fall short of the true time costs involved. This paper uses data from the 1997 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Time Use Survey to study how the allocation of time differs across households with varying numbers and ages of children and how households with children differ from those without children. It also examines the intra household division of time resources, showing how childcare, related unpaid work, and the total market and non-market workloads compare for a couple in the same household. It includes secondary activity in an analysis of total parental time commitments to give a more accurate picture of the time cost of children than is possible on the basis of analyzing “primary” activities alone.     

Family life in grocery stores – a study of interaction between adults and children

Today the family is seen as a unit for food choice and consumption. The influence of family members on food choice comprises several stages that can be carried out both in the private home and in the public sphere, such as the grocery store. This makes the grocery store a context in which ordinary family life can be observed. The aim was to study families and the interaction between children and adults in the grocery store, focusing on young people's involvement in food shopping. Hidden observation and family interview methods were used. A total of 338 people were observed in seven different grocery stores in Stockholm during the summer and autumn of 2003. Seven family interviews, involving a total of 29 persons, were conducted in Uppsala in the spring of 2003. In the interviews, parents reported avoiding shopping for food together with children as they experienced it as stressful and exhausting. The observations showed that family life in the grocery store comprises not only the food purchase, but also bringing up children and consumer education. Young people's involvement in the food purchase varied depending on their age and the specific product. The different behaviour observed may be interpreted as reflecting the variation in ways of bringing up children at home. Another conclusion is that a public place such the grocery store facilitates pedagogical situations and can work as a tool for informal education.     

农村留守儿童发展困境：成因与破局之策

农村留守儿童发展是社会主义和谐社会建设和新农村建设进程中面，J盘的一个重要课题。当前留守儿童发展问题困境的成因：区域与城乡经济发展不平衡与制度缺失是根本原因，“新读书无用论”是主观原因，农民工收入有限与职业不稳定是客观原因，家庭教育缺失与学校教育不足是直接原因。破局之策：需要以“爱”心为中心，发挥政府职能，破除留守儿童教育问题的制度障碍；建立家庭式学校，强化学校对留守儿童的管理角色；重铸“爱巢”，弥补留守儿童家庭教育的缺憾；倡导爱心行动，最大限度获得社会各界对留守儿童教育的关注和支持。     

北京流动儿童义务教育设施的空间不均衡研究——以丰台区为例

以北京以及丰台区的适龄流动儿童分布和公立小学分布数据为例,采取社会地理学空间匹配的分析方法来测度流动儿童接受义务教育的空间不均衡性。结果显示,无论在市域、城区还是街道尺度,流动儿童就学需求和教育资源供给之间的空间不均衡现象都存在。据此,建议在学区划定时不仅要考虑常住户籍家庭儿童的数量,也要考虑校区吸引流动儿童的数量,并在流动人口集中的城乡结合地带,应尽量增设新的教育设施;或在现有教育资源的情况下,借助集体通勤方式提高这些教育设施的可达性,使更多的流动儿童得到就近接受义务教育机会。     

腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟疝58例与经腹股沟切口疝囊高位结扎术46例临床效果分析

目的比较腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术与经腹股沟切口疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟疝的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院收治的腹股沟疝患儿104例的临床资料,其中行腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术患儿58例作为腹腔镜组,行传统经腹股沟切口疝囊高位结扎术患儿46例作为对照组,比较两组平均手术时间、术后疼痛持续时间、住院时间及并发症发生情况。结果腹腔镜组平均手术时间、术后疼痛持续时间和住院时间分别为(19.2±2.2)min,(22.6±4.5)h和(3.0±0.6)d;对照组分别为(42.5±4.2)min,(56.2±6.0)h和(5.8±1.1)d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组出现阴囊水肿2例,无皮下血肿和鞘膜积液发生;对照组出现阴囊水肿5例,皮下血肿3例,继发鞘膜积液2例,腹腔镜组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术微创、手术和住院时间短、并发症少,是治疗小儿腹股沟疝的理想术式。     

亲子亲合对农村留守儿童孤独感的影响研究

根据亲子沟通频率(高-低)、亲子亲密度(强-弱)将亲子亲合分为积极型亲子亲合、消极型亲子亲合、默契型亲子亲合、放任型亲子亲合四种类型。通过采用西安交通大学课题组与西南财经大学课题组2017年在四川省金堂县联合开展的留守儿童调查数据,探讨亲子亲合对农村留守儿童孤独感的影响。调查发现,四川省金堂县农村留守儿童存在较高的孤独感问题,基于logit模型进行实证分析发现,不同亲子亲合类型对农村留守儿童孤独感的影响存在差异,积极型亲子亲合有利于缓解农村留守儿童孤独感,默契型亲子亲合对农村留守儿童孤独感的缓解作用不显著,放任型亲子亲合加剧农村留守儿童孤独感。提出鼓励多元主体参与构建农村留守儿童关爱服务体系,促进农村留守儿童的健康成长。