经济学家对剩余认识的分歧说明了什么

自魁奈提出"纯产品"学说以来,经济学家对剩余认识的分歧一直难以弥合,这是由他们对剩余研究的目的决定的,但万变不离其宗的是,研究剩余的来源或源泉都是为了给剩余的归属即剩余的占有找到更"合理"的出路,与剩余的真正来源无关.由他们所戴的理论有色眼镜所决定,经济学家把剩余的来源分为劳动说、创新说、不确定性说和监督说.劳动说体现的是社会公平正义,创新说注重的是激励,不确定性说强调了企业家的责任,监督说意在减少偷懒.只要我们不怀任何偏见,这些不同的学说就会为解决目前的经济发展与收入分配矛盾提供有效的思路和方法.     

IMPACT ON FIRMS OF THE USE OF KNOWLEDGE EXTERNAL SOURCES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

This study summarizes the main conclusions from a systematic review of the empirical literature regarding the impact on firms of the use of knowledge external sources (universities, research institutes and knowledge intensive business services). With the aim to organize the literature, we classify the different works according to the research question addressed: (i) which firms use knowledge external sources?; (ii) Do firms using knowledge external sources achieve better results?; And (iii) which firms benefit the most from using knowledge external sources? Stylized facts are that larger, more R&D intensive and high tech firms are more likely to use knowledge external sources and that use of knowledge external sources is associated to firms higher technical results. Less attention has been paid to the third question and evidence is not conclusive. Several recommendations for future research emerge. First, to take in greater consideration methodological issues so that potential biases in the results caused by sample selection and endogeneity are handled properly. Second, to pay more attention to heterogeneous outcomes. Third, to use continuous indicators of depth and breadth of links allowing for non‐linear relationships and fourth, to extend evidence for developing countries and service industries.     

Business cycle implications of mortgage spreads

How do aggregate quantities at the business cycle frequency respond to shocks to the spread between residential mortgage rates and government bonds? Using a structural VAR approach, we find that mortgage spread shocks impact the real economy by both economically and statistically significant magnitudes: a 100 basis point decline in the spread causes a peak increase in consumption, residential investment and GDP by 1.6 percent, 6.2 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively. Presumably, these effects are magnified when the policy rate is held fixed, as was the case in the US during the recent implementation of unconventional monetary policy.     

Financial Information Credibility,Legal Environment,and SMEs’ Access to Finance

Abstract

There remains academic debate on the association between credible financial information and small firms’ access to diversified sources of finance. This study investigates the role of credible financial information and its interaction with a country’s legal and regulatory environment on the access of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to diversified sources of finance in 129 developing countries. The findings indicate positive impacts of financial information quality and a country’s legal and regulatory environment on small firms’ access to diversified sources of finance. SMEs operating in a weak legal and regulatory environment benefit more from providing credible financial information. The findings are robust after controlling for the endogeneity of firms audit decision using a two-stage instrumental variable method. Our evidence suggests that firms’ credible signaling of the quality of their financial information helps reduce the adverse selection problem for finance suppliers, increasing small firms’ access to diversified sources of finance.     

京津风沙源治理工程进展情况及存在问题

京津风沙源治理工程已开展7年,并初显成效。工程区内生态环境明显改善,依托工程建设新兴生态旅游业、种植业、养殖业得到发展;农牧民收入不断增加,生活方式得到改善。工程建设成果主要是坚持综合治理、多管齐下,坚持机制创新多方参与;坚决治理与保护并举,生态与产业并重;坚持落实责任制、分工协作。目前,工程中存在:生态治理难、成果巩固难、后续产业难、资金保障难、综合评价难等问题。对加快工程建设提出了要保证工程建设连续性和稳定性,建立工程建设长效机制等政策建议。     

三江源区的生态保护与水资源可持续利用

分析了三江源自然保护区生态环境恶化趋势加重、水资源总量日益减少的成因。认为，恢复和保护三江源区的生态环境是当务之急。提出加强退牧还草、生态移民工程建设，加强计划生育、控制人口，合理配置水资源，以水资源的可持续利用推动经济社会的可持续发展的建议。     

试论里海地区的地缘政治意义

“地缘政治”是指地理上的缘由给国家带来了政治上的影响。里海的能源吸引着全世界的目光,相关大国如美国、俄罗斯、环里海国家以及印度和日本都纷纷加入了里海的能源竞争中,里海地区的地缘政治意义愈发突出。     

突发信源模型存在的问题及其改进

在ＡＴＭ网络的流量控制问题的研究中，突发信源模型是一种被广泛采用的信源分析模型，然而，目前常用的突发信源模型并不完善，以致常常实际的队列分析。为此，本文提出了一种改进的突发信源模型，这种改进的模型不仅在理论上更加完善，而且更与情况相吻合。     

跨国EMS企业推动下的水平分工发展新趋势

发源于美国的EMS企业正在改变着21世纪的商业模式。在以电子信息产业为代表的全球性产业中,OEM巨头和EMS企业之间正在建立基于水平分工的虚拟组织,并以供应链整体竞争优势为武器抢占世界市场。本文旨在阐释20世纪末EMS企业诞生于美国的背景,剖析EMS企业的竞争力源泉,并初步勾勒虚拟企业的水平分工模式。     

健全市场主体 完善市场经济体制

完善我国市场经济体制,必须以健全市场主体为核心.为了健全市场主体,应进一步创新关于市场主体的理论,同时必须采取一系列新的举措:改革和完善国有资产管理体制,健全国有控股和参股的市场主体;加快推进基础设施和公用事业领域的改革,扩大非国有市场主体的参与范围;以资本市场的建设为重点,完善生产要素市场体系,为市场主体提供完善的载体;转变政府职能,深化行政管理体制改革,为市场主体创造良好的外部环境.