整合产品服务系统——实现循环经济的新途径

整合产品服务系统(IPSS)是一种社会组织创新战略,通过将目前仅生产和销售有形产品的相互分离的工业生产与服务体系有机地整合,以比传统生产和消费模式更低的环境代价,有效满足顾客需求。作为对传统商业模式的革命性变革,整合产品服务系统是促进可持续发展和循环经济的有效手段和必由之路。本文讨论其产生的背景,给出其定义和理论框架,介绍其发展历程,以便为我国发展循环经济提供借鉴。     

基于循环经济下企业商业模式创新的研究

论述了循环经济是当前世界经济发展的主要方向,已被我国确定为今后经济的发展模式,加快循环经济的发展是解决经济增长与资源环境之间矛盾的根本手段。提出了现代企业只有在商业模式上实现创新,才能创造产业产品的价值和效益。     

我国农业生态系统营养循环链的断裂与重建

完整的营养循环是农业生态系统健康、可持续发展的重要保障。我国传统农业属于环境友好型生态农业。农业生态系统的营养循环结构完整，持续健康、繁荣。但是，随着工业化、城市化、市场经济的发展以及农业耕作方式的转变，农业生态系统营养循环的结构遭到严重破坏，导致一系列资源、环境、经济与社会问题。通过秸秆还田以及城市生活废弃物（排泄物、厨房垃圾等）向农业生态系统的返还，重建农业生态系统完整的营养循环，是我国农业生态系统持续健康发展的必由之路。     

Building knowledge systems for sustainable agriculture: supporting private advisors to adequately address sustainable farm management in regular service contacts

Advisory service provisioning on sustainability issues such as environmental care and food safety is considered suboptimal in privatized extension systems, which comprise a diverse set of private advisors. Apart from funding dedicated ‘public good’ projects, government also relies on these advisors to address sustainability issues in their regular service contacts with farmers. Policy measures have hence been proposed to stimulate farmer demand for such sustainable farm management (SFM) advice (pull measures) and to build capacity among advisors (push measures). This paper assesses two interventions, in nutrient management and mastitis prevention, that integrate pull measures (awareness building and economic incentives) and push measures (promoting facilitative advisory styles and optimizing knowledge system linkages) to stimulate advisory service provisioning on SFM. Results indicate that effectiveness appears to depend on an adequate mix of, and balance between, push and pull measures. Awareness building is a prerequisite to creating demand for such services and appears more important than economic incentives. However, awareness is not built by the interventions alone; indeed, a lack of awareness may not be the main problem: the broader institutional context may not be conducive to a proactive approach to addressing SFM if regulatory frameworks are unclear and inconsistent. The main conclusion is that, despite interventions having an impact, it is uncertain whether the demand for, and supply of, SFM advice will be sustained after interventions are withdrawn.     

Soil Fertility Management and Compost Use in Senegal's Peanut Basin

The Jóór (Dior) soils of Senegal's Peanut Basin are inherently low in organic matter, limiting yields of millet and other crops and threatening the food security of smallholders. Focus groups and interviews were conducted in eight villages to characterise the site-specific fertility management by farmers in the Peanut Basin. Results of the qualitative survey revealed that farmers base management decisions on a series of fertility indicators that include type, colour, and texture of soil, presence of vegetation, and productivity in previous years. In an effort to equalise fertility across the field, farmers amend areas they classify as less fertile with decomposed manure and household waste from the family sëntaare (traditional pile) orwith compost from managed piles. On-site measurements of soil in areas of fields amended with compost or sëntaare material revealed significant increases in peanut and millet growth over unamended areas, but little difference between the effects of compost and manure. Similarly, chemical analysis revealed increased effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and nutrient concentrations (K, Mg and Al) in soils amended with compost or manure. Similarities in the chemical characteristics of compost and sëntaare material suggest that development workers could emphasise improved pile management rather than promoting more labour-intensive composting.     

鲁西北纸业循环经济产业模式初探

从鲁西北纸业工艺流程、技术革新、设备管理、节能降耗、资源利用等方面入手,探索如何发展循环经济、实现行业内部的清洁生产;并从生态工业园区的建设、政府干预等宏观方面,讨论了实现地区循环经济的一些必要条件,以期实现经济与环境发展的双赢,为鲁西北的经济发展做出贡献。     

Uniform and Non-Uniform Second-Best Input Taxes

We investigate second-best, input-based taxes foragricultural nonpoint pollution control when marketprices are endogenous and production isheterogeneous. Theoretically, we derive the optimalforms of taxes which take account of heterogeneity(non-uniform taxes) and a tax which does not (auniform tax). Empirically, we use a multi-factor,market-equilibrium simulation model to determineoptimal tax rates and associated equity effects,particularly differences in landowner gains/lossesacross a heterogeneous region. When market prices areendogenous, second-best tax policies result inpecuniary externalities that affect existingenvironmental externalities. In particular, thepecuniary externalities amplify the effect of producerheterogeneity on determination of sub-regionaldifferences in tax rates and returns to land,particularly for the uniform policy. With endogenousprices, the uniform tax rate is considerably higherthan any of the non-uniform rates and, ironically, thenon-uniform taxes result in less dispersion oflandowner gains across sub-regions than the uniformtax.     

Measurement of Milk Container Preferences

Consumer preference for container types for fluid milk was investigated for gallon and half gallon containers using conjoint analyis. Consumers clearly preferred plastic jugs to paperboard for gallon containers, which explains the nearly complete capture of the gallon milk market by plastic. They prefer paperboard for half gallon containers, which corresponds to the failure of plastic to penetrate that size container very well. Relative prices of container types are adjusted for the utility consumers see in the containers. Utility adjusted prices of plastic gallon containers make them very competitive relative to alternative packaging materials. Prices of plastic half gallon containers make them less competitive once utilities are accounted for.     

循环经济视野中增值税转型问题的探讨

循环经济作为一种新的经济理念，自20世纪进入我国经济发展视野，如今已得到社会各界的广泛认同，并引起了关于增值税转型问题新一轮激烈的讨论。发展循环经济客观上要求我国尽快进行增值税转型；实行消费型增值税将有利于推动我国循环经济的快速发展。但是，增值税由生产型向消费型转型需要进行一系列的配套制度建设。     

Data-mining,GIS and multicriteria analysis in a comprehensive method for bicycle network planning and design

In many Brazilian cities, the most common procedure for planning cycling networks is using aggregated population data in census tracts, which may not take into account the true origin and destination of trips. It may also not identify potential users of a particular mode of transport. This is particularly important considering that implementing cycling infrastructures should be based on the assumption that they are able to meet the users' needs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and adopt an objective method to design and compare cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origin-destination data, GIS resources, and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method follows three steps: 1) identifying potential users based on real user profiles, 2) designing proposed cycling networks and 3) a comparison between the networks proposed in this study and those developed by the municipality selected as a case study, considering real and potential users, as well as cost and benefit criteria. As a positive outcome, using disaggregated data allows for a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, a detailed analysis of their proximity to the infrastructure, as well as identifying potential users. Comparing cycling networks considering cost and benefit criteria shows that the chosen criteria were effective. It was also determined that the cycling network of the studied city poorly serves bicycle transport users, if compared to the proposed networks. These findings indicate that appropriate methods for planning cycling networks are still needed.