Cost Analysis of Calcium in Store Brand versus National Brand Grocery Products

Objective: This study was to determine if calcium fortification yields a higher price per serving in grocery store products. Researchers compared store brand to national brand grocery products in relation to cost in order to examine if calcium values were similar between store brand and national brand products. Methods: A total of 112 store brand and 211 national brand grocery products were collected from three low (national chain store), middle and high priced (Virginia and North Carolina regional store) grocery venues. Products were compared using price and calcium percentage per serving. ANOVA was used to determine between store brand and national brand for price per serving and calcium content, and between grocery venues. Results: National brand fortified products had a significantly lower mean price per serving when compared to national brand non-fortified products (p = 0.0002). There was no statistical difference between store brand fortified and non-fortified products (p = 0.9256). Low priced store brand products had the lowest mean price per serving ($0.34 ±0.24). Conclusions: This study found store brand products have similar calcium content as national brand products. Product cost was lower at low priced store compared to middle and high priced stores.     

河北省城镇住房需求的动力因素分析

推动房价上涨的主要因素是市场需求的增加,利用数学模型分析决定住房需求的因素,计算出了人均最佳住房面积,研究表明按家庭结构比例提供住房是符合城镇住房需求的最佳方案。     

当前若干促进农民增收措施的效果与未来取向

当前,我国各级政府为了促进农民增收相继出台了一系列的政策措施,但这些措施实施的效果并不尽如人意.我国农民收入增长缓慢的根本原因在于农民人均可耕种面积太小,过多的农民拥挤在有限的土地上,使得很多促进农民增收的措施效果不明显.因此,解决农民增收问题,必须加快城市化步伐,把农民从土地上解放出来.     

中国东、中、西部城镇化对经济增长的贡献

中国城镇化率的地区差异较大,东部较高,西部较低,中部居中;改革开放以来全国各地区的城镇化率都有大幅度的提高,但提高幅度的地区差异也较明显,东部地区提高幅度较大,西部地区提高幅度较小,中部地区提高幅度居中.各地区城镇化推动经济增长的作用是显著的;东、中、西部三大地区中,城镇化对经济增长的贡献率依次为西部、中部和东部,同经济发展水平的顺序恰好相反.因此,继续加快中、西部地区的城镇化进程,有助于缩小地区差距.     

湖南省农民收入水平地区间差异实证分析

本文应用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,通过对湖南省农民收入水平地区间差异的对比分析和影响农民收入水 平各因素的相关性分析,说明人均国内生产总值、第一产业比重、城市化水平对农民收入均有重要影响。造成湖南省农民收入水 平地区间差异的原因在于:农村教育发展上的差异、非农产业发展上的差异、市场化发育程度上的差异、资源环境条件上的差异。     

人力资本产权的实现方式

人力资本要素作为经济发展的根本动力,为越来越多的人所认识。而现行企业产权制度的不完善,严重制约着人力资本作用的发挥,为了充分发挥人力资本的作用,调动其积极性,必须赋予其产权。本文通过分析认为,人力资本产权的实现方式是产权化。     

农地征收、农地流转与农民人均收入——基于空间滞后模型估计

通过考虑空间溢出性,构建固定效应空间滞后模型,并利用2009—2014年省级面板数据研究农地征收、农地流转对农民人均收入的影响。研究发现:农地征收面积每提高1%,农民人均收入将会降低0.039%,表明农地征收会降低农民人均收入;农地流转面积每提高1%,农民人均收入将会提高0.011%,表明农地流转有利于农民收入的提高。因此农地在征收过程中,应提高土地补偿费及农民就业能力,保障农民利益不受损,同时积极稳妥推进农地有序流转,形成规模经营。     

西部大开发对西部地区碳排放演变的影响

西部大开发后西部地区经济增长加快、人民生活水平提高，但产业结构、技术水平以及生态环境质量却并未表现出同等程度的改善或提升。采用30个样本省份1995—2011年的面板数据，运用双重差分法进行分析，结果发现：西部大开发在促进西部地区经济增长以及地区经济趋同的同时，也使得西部地区的碳排放（尤其是人均碳排放）与其他地区相比增长更快，与此同时，西部地区与碳排放相关的因素和条件（如产业结构、技术水平、市场化程度等）未得到显著改善。在既有的资源禀赋、发展阶段、产业结构以及经济发展方式下，西部大开发初期着力于固定资产投资和资源、能源开发，忽视教育事业、市场化改革、技术创新等软环境建设，导致西部地区在经济增长的同时碳排放相对增加。因此，在今后的西部大开发规划中，应当着力于转变经济发展方式，加强软环境建设，重视人力资本积累和技术创新，提升市场化水平，才能在发展地区经济的同时实现节能减排。     

Financial Insecurity in a World of Plenty

Abstract

The U.S. economy is addicted to the simulative impacts of household borrowing. Household debt has grown dramatically since the 1990s and has served to mitigate the detrimental effects of stagnant household wages. The accumulation of this debt has also had the macroeconomic impact of stimulating the economy, pushing it closer towards full employment. However does full employment stimulated by household indebtedness actually represent economic progress? It is argued that even the poorest citizen in a modern industrialized society is better off than a king of feudal Europe, yet in the United States such material prosperity is often tied to social insecurity thanks to debt. The growth of this debt has been enabled by a financial system that has evolved dramatically over the past forty years. The U.S. financial system’s primary role is no longer to finance investment but is rather a tool that enables a separation of ownership from use. Debt has fueled corporate profits which have enriched the shareholding class while at the same time the system has reduced the financial security of the majority of workers. This article crystalizes these issues by analyzing the differentials in financial circumstances faced by workers and shareholders in several major U.S. firms.     

Does high‐speed rail connection really promote local economy? Evidence from China’s Yangtze River Delta

High‐speed rail (HSR) has led to a transportation revolution in China. This paper uses the county‐level panel data of China’s Yangtze River Delta to investigate the effect of HSR connection on local economy. To address the issue of endogenous HSR route placement, we use a straight‐line strategy to construct potential HSR connection variables as instrumental variables of the actual HSR connection. Both the difference‐in‐differences and instrumental variable methods show that HSR connection impedes local economy, especially in peripheral regions. The impediment effect is channeled through population reallocation from peripheral to core areas and the restructuring of industries.