Retaining and engaging older workers: A solution to worker shortages in the U.S.

Over the next 20 years, many organizations will experience significant shortages of skilled workers. At the same time, because of longer lifespans and a gradual rise in what society has considered the traditional retirement age of 65, older workers will represent a growing proportion of the American workforce. For a variety of reasons, many of these older workers desire to continue working and, if retained and engaged, they constitute a significant labor source for mitigating the emerging shortages of skilled workers. However, many organizations are not prepared to take advantage of this demographic shift; some even generate barriers that impede the retention and engagement of older workers. In this article, we identify a variety of ways in which organizations can retain and engage older workers to meet their staffing needs and enhance organizational performance. We also discuss the relationship of these proposals to prominent theories of motivation in management.     

发展我国养老保险的思考

本文分析了现阶段养老保险中人口老龄化的压力日益加剧，覆盖范围明显过窄，已入保群体“空账运行”，养老待遇过低等问题，提出了提高退休年龄、降低缴费比率、将社会统筹基金与个人账户基金实行分账管理、让基金保值增值加快社会保障制度立法等若干相关政策建议。     

我国人口老龄化与养老保险体系的完善

我国人口已进入老龄化阶段,我国人口老龄化具有数量大、扶养比高、城乡间不平衡等特点.人口老龄化对我国社会养老保险现状产生了一定影响,必须建立与完善多层次养老保险体系和农村养老保险制度,让更多的人享有社会保障.     

人口老龄化背景下的中国养老保险风险分析

伴随着我国人口老龄化的不断加速,社会保障尤其是养老保险领域的压力也随之加大,我国当前的养老保险体系也存在着一些现实问题与不足之处。而这都将导致在养老保险体系中固有的筹资、基金投资运营风险上升,同时也将出现制度与政策等新的风险。文章认为,需加强风险管理,不断完善养老保险制度,才能积极应对风险与收益的平衡。     

Non-stationary additive utility and time consistency

Within a continuous time life cycle model of consumption and savings, I study the properties of the most general class of additive intertemporal utility functionals. They are not necessarily stationary, and do not necessarily multiplicatively separate a discount factor from “per-period utility”. I prove rigorously that time consistency holds if and only if the per-period felicity function is multiplicatively separable in $t$, the date of decision and in $s$, the date of consumption, or equivalently, if the Fisherian instantaneous subjective discount rate does not depend on $t$. The model allows to explain “anomalies in intertemporal choice” even when the agents are time consistent and various empirical regularities. On the other hand, the model allows to characterize mathematically the “effective consumption profile” of naive, time-inconsistent agents.     

Optimal Retirement with Increasing Longevity

We develop an optimizing life‐cycle model of retirement with perfect capital markets. We show that longer healthy life expectancy usually leads to later retirement, but with an elasticity less than unity. We calibrate our model using data from the US and find that, over the last century, the effect of rising incomes, which promote early retirement, has dominated the effect of rising lifespans. Our model predicts continuing declines in the optimal retirement age, despite rising life expectancy, provided the rate of real wage growth remains as high as in the last century.     

Aging: Some Pleasant Fiscal Arithmetic

Projections of age-related public expenditure growth have raised widespread concerns about fiscal sustainability. This paper examines how total expenditure would develop under four policy rules on public expenditure growth. Some simple arithmetic of expenditure, GDP, and population is reviewed and applied in simulations for 19 OECD countries over 2000–50. A general and a specific conclusion arise from the results. Generally, long-term expenditure projections could benefit from revisiting common assumptions on non-age-related expenditure growth. Specifically, realistic gradual adjustment in non-age-related expenditures could go a long way towards maintaining fiscal sustainability under age-related spending pressures.

Exploring heterogeneity in travel time expenditure of aging populations in the Netherlands: results of a CHAID analysis

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the increasing literature on travel behavior and time use of the elderly. The Dutch National Travel Survey, administered in 2009, was used as a data source. First, various facets of activity-travel patterns of the elderly were compared against overall sample averages. Results indicate that the new generation of elderly people do not differ that much from other age groups in terms of their activity-travel behavior. Differences in behavior can be largely understood in terms of constraints acting on agendas. Moreover, travel patterns of elderly are affected by socio-demographic variables. Second, to further qualify the average findings, the Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) method was applied to explore heterogeneity among the elderly in terms of travel time expenditure. It is analyzed how differences in travel time co-vary with socio-demographics, in addition to activity type, activity duration and travel aspects. The results suggest that the aging population can be systematically broken down into several homogeneous cohort segments. Travel time of elderly groups depends significantly on transport modes, travel motivation, and seven socio-demographic variables (gender, age, living environment, personal net-income, household size and season). Moreover, there is less heterogeneity in travel time of elderly who are older than 75 years old. However, for younger elderly people, especially the group aged from 65 to 74 years old, heterogeneity affects their travel.     

人口老龄化背景下法国养老金保险制度改革及其启示

本文首先介绍了法国养老金制度的现状;然后介绍了萨科齐政府养老金制度面临的挑战;紧接着介绍了2010年养老金改革法案的内容及历程;最后借鉴法国养老金制度改革的经验,总结出完善我国养老金制度的几点启示:避免社会保障碎片化格局;社会保障不能拖累经济发展;设计养老金制度必须考虑可持续性问题;鼓励社会各界参与养老保险改革。     

人口结构变化、储蓄率与地区经济增长--基于PVAR模型的实证分析

本文以内生人口结构为视角,以中国各省、自治区、直辖市1990-2012年的数据为样本,通过设定面板向量自回归模型,研究人口结构、储蓄率以及经济增长之间的内在关系。结果表明：不同地区间人口结构对储蓄率和经济增长会带来不同的影响,中部地区与全国水平较为接近,各方面走势也与全国水平相似;经济增长使得少年抚养比出现持续性下降,除东部地区外,经济增长使老年抚养比也出现缓慢下降,但后续逐步趋于平稳;除东部地区外,少年抚养比的冲击使得储蓄率出现持续性上升,而老年抚养比的冲击使得储蓄率呈现出先上升后下降的特点。人口结构的变化会通过影响储蓄进而影响经济增长,而未来人口老龄化现象的加剧需要有更高的储蓄率进行应对。基于此,本文提出应通过研究现行人口政策,改变社会人口结构,提升少年抚养比,以有效应对由于“人口红利”消失对经济发展所带来的负面影响。