中国城市科技人才集聚促进了全要素生产率增长吗——来自285个地级市的经验研究

基于2005—2018年中国内地285个地级市数据，对城市科技人才集聚与全要素生产率（简称“TFP”）进行测度分析，实证考察科技人才集聚对TFP的影响。结果表明：①城市科技人才集聚与TFP空间分异特征显著，但二者具有较强的时空一致性，即科技人才集聚特征显著的城市，其TFP也相对稳定；②城市科技人才集聚对TFP的影响呈倒U型，但研究期内大多数城市仍处于集聚效应占主导阶段,科技人才集聚通过提升城市技术进步水平促进TFP增长，而科技人才集聚对技术效率的影响呈倒U型；③不同类型城市科技人才集聚对其TFP影响的异质性显著，且适宜集聚区间也存在差异。省会城市及一、二线城市等优势特征显著的城市所能承受的科技人才集聚规模上限更高，有利于通过释放集聚红利促进TFP增长，而非省会城市、三线及以下城市等则拐点值较低。     

要素自由流动能实现区域协调发展吗——基于“协调性集聚”的理论假说与实证检验

经济活动的空间集聚是当代经济内涵式增长的源泉,现有文献多从要素流动视角来考察经济集聚过程中的区域差异。然而,若将要素流动引入区域生产函数进行推导,可以发现非区域性要素集中规模的扩大,既能提高要素流入区域的劳动生产率,也能提高要素流出区域的要素收益率,基于此,本文以“协调性集聚”为核心概念,通过拓展现代集聚模型来构建要素在自由流动中走向协调发展的理论假说。实证结果进一步显示,虽然我国发展要素在大规模流向东部发达地区,并呈现进一步向超大城市和城市群集聚的趋势,但要素流动在提高要素流入区域劳动生产率的同时,也显著提高了要素流出区域的要素收益率,并从需求侧激发了要素流出区域的市场潜能,要素流动在要素配置效率不断提高的过程中呈现“协调性集聚”的趋势。因此,发达的要素流入区域通过优化公共服务体系提高劳动生产率,欠发达的要素流出区域通过建立健全要素自由流动机制提高要素回报率和收益率,是新时代我国形成市场主导型区域协调发展机制的有效途径。     

长江经济带人才集聚水平测度及时空演变研究——基于价值链视角

基于价值链视角，构建涵盖人才资源在区域空间层面集聚生成、地区配置、效能产出3个维度在内的区域人才集聚水平评价指标体系，采用专家咨询AHP-信息熵组合赋权法构建综合评价模型和耦合协调度模型，对2010—2018年长江经济带沿线省市人才集聚水平进行测度与时空演化特征分析。结果表明，就长江经济带整体而言，考察期内地区人才集聚水平总体呈现逐年上升态势，但仍处于低水平状态；沿线省市人才集聚水平差异显著，缩小趋势渐缓，整体呈现局部高水平、全局低效率的不利境况；各省市人才集聚水平关键维度的耦合协调度整体呈显著波动递增态势，但内部耦合协调度存在不平衡发展问题，影响地区人才集聚水平整体提升。为提升长江经济带人才集聚水平，推进沿线地区协调发展，需强化区域人才合作机制，采取差别化精准策略破解沿线地区人才集聚低水平、不协调的短板因素。     

To cluster or not to cluster?: Understanding geographic clustering by restaurant segment

This study tested whether geographic clustering differs by restaurant segment due to the differences in consumers’ hedonic and utilitarian values by using Ripley’s K function and a Tobit model. This study found that higher priced restaurant segments have stronger clusters than lower priced restaurants, which implies that restaurants that focus on hedonic values tend to cluster more than utilitarian focused restaurants. However, the results differ depending on whether or not restaurants are located within a central business district (CBD). For example, quick service restaurants have stronger clusters than casual restaurants outside CBDs. Practical applications may apply to new restaurants that are attempting to open. Up-scale restaurants have the advantage of reducing research costs by locating near similar restaurants. Moreover, casual restaurants do benefit by clustering near existing ones under the condition that demand is not severely hurt by competition, while quick service restaurants benefit by diffusing from each other.     

贵州有色金属产业集聚度与竞争力的实证研究

促进有色金属产业集聚是提升贵州省有色金属产业竞争力的主要途径之一，因而准确测度和把握有色金属产业集聚与贵州有色金属产业竞争力的关系是非常必要的。文章把贵州省放在西部九省中进行对比分析，选取区位熵反映有色金属产业集聚度，选择企业数量区位熵反映矿产资源产业区域集聚度，选取产业产值区位熵反映有色金属产业经济集聚度，而有色金属产业竞争力则选取产值利润率借以反映。具体实证数据均来源于西部9个省份的2013统计年鉴与2013年的中国有色金属工业年鉴。通过实证研究认为贵州省有色金属产业存在诸如区域集聚、经济集聚不足，产值利润率低下，产业集聚效应难以充分发挥等问题。最后提出提升贵州省有色金属产业竞争力的相关政策建议。     

Agglomeration economies and university program creation in the knowledge economy

Existing academic literature on the relationship between agglomeration economies and university activities is both under-theorized and relatively sparse in terms of empirical examination. This paper addresses each of these voids by contributing and analyzing a market model of pro-revenue education program creation such as graduate-level executive business education (e.g. EMBA) that reveals some intriguing characteristics. For instance, it shows that demand for these pro-revenue programs is inelastic and therefore uniquely determines their availability. More specifically, we show that through agglomeration economies these types of education programs are more likely to emanate from universities located in metropolitan areas and from less academically prestigious universities. Regression analysis of a cross-section of national public universities lends support to important facets of our formal model by suggesting that agglomeration economies continue to increase the probability of offering EMBA programs through a city size of approximately 2.12 million and that the probability that a given business school will offer an EMBA is negatively related to the academic prestige of the institution to which it is affiliated.     

Relationship between city size and firm productivity – A new interpretation using the Chinese experience

This paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between city size and firm productivity by focusing on agglomeration, selection (market competition), and sorting (presence of firms with diverse productivity) effects using Chinese firm-level data for 1998–2013. Contrary to the existing literature, our parametric regression estimates from nearly two million firms show that when the selection effect is controlled, productivity advantage in big cities is reversed. This outcome is explained through a quantile regression showing the existence of left-sided sorting (inefficient firms sort themselves to larger cities) in big cities which is not captured in existing empirical literature. We further find that (1) left-sided sorting is stronger in exporters than non-exporters; (2) is also generated mainly in enterprises with high asset-liability ratios; and (3) selection has a positive effect on firm productivity, suggesting that market competition is key in an explanation of the rapid growth of big cities in China.     

中关村科技园区创新质量的时空集聚效应研究

创新作为中关村科技园区的基本属性，创新质量决定了中关村科技园区发展质量。科技园区促进区域产业集聚，集聚显著影响科技园区创新，但缺乏对“一区多园”创新质量的综合集聚效应研究。由此，建立中关村科技园区创新质量指标体系，在分析中关村科技园区3种集聚模式的基础上，建立集聚模式对创新质量影响的动态空间面板模型；以2006—2017年中关村科技园区等相关数据为基础，研究不同集聚模式与创新质量的时空效应并对其进行分解分析。结果表明，中关村科技园区创新质量呈现显著时间循环效应和空间溢出效应，各园区创新质量空间集聚存在高-高、低-低等模式并随着时间推移发生跃迁。所有园区受到正向显著的专业化集聚影响，大兴-亦庄园受到负向显著的多样化集聚影响，而房山园、密云园和延庆园受到的多样化集聚影响不显著，海淀园、朝阳园、大兴-亦庄园、东城园、西城园、通州园、门头沟园和顺义园受到市场竞争集聚效应的影响。     

创新要素流动对城市群协同创新的影响——基于长三角城市群与长江中游城市群的实证

利用2006-2017年长三角城市群和长江中游城市群共41个地级市面板数据，首先，运用拓展DEA法对两大城市群协同创新水平进行测度，然后，采用空间计量模型实证考察创新要素流动对城市群协同创新的影响，进一步以互联网发展水平为门限变量，构建门限模型，探析互联网发展对创新要素在城市群流动的协同创新效应是否存在门限效应。研究发现：创新要素流动对城市群协同创新影响的总效应显著为正，空间正向溢出效应显著，且存在群际差异；在两大城市群内，创新要素流动对城市群协同创新影响呈现非线性，创新人员流动对城市群协同创新影响呈“倒U型”特征，创新资本流动对城市群协同创新影响呈“U型”关系，相应拐点在不同城市群呈现异质性。     

高新技术产业创新产出空间集聚及关联性研究

收集2000—2018年中国内地30个省市高新技术产业创新产出专利申请及相关数据，运用ArcGIS空间分析工具对其空间集聚特征进行可视化分析，并利用QAP 方法分析其关键影响因素。结果发现：①高新技术产业创新产出空间集聚的重要特征是区域非均衡性，马太效应显著； ②强强型关联主要集中在东南沿海地区与部分中部地区，弱弱型关联主要集中在北部地区与西南地区，弱强、强弱型关联主要集中在少部分北部、中部与南部地区；③高新技术产业创新产出空间集聚及关联影响因素中，投入变量的R&D经费为显著正相关，R&D人员为显著负相关。溢出变量的产学研合作为不显著正相关，产业集聚、地理距离为显著正相关，FDI为显著负相关。