协商民主与中国政治协商制度之比较:一个初步的理论探讨

协商民主是20世纪90年代在西方兴起的一种民主理论,经过二十多年的研究发展,已成为国内外众多学者关注的一个热门话题。当"协商民主"引入中国后,立即掀起了一阵"协商民主热潮",人们也会很自然的联想到中国的政治协商制度,本文将对这两者进行一个比较研究。     

Who replies to consultations,and what do they say? The case of broadband universal service in the UK

Over the last decade or so, access to broadband services has become increasingly important. While many in the UK already benefit from the provision of broadband, some, especially those located in more rural and remote areas, do not – they may not be able to access the Internet and when they do, their connection and consumer experience may be poor. After trying to resolve this through a stream of different initiatives, the UK government announced a broadband universal service obligation (USO) of 10 Mbps in late 2015. Ofcom, the telecommunications regulator, launched a consultation in April 2016 and sought the views of interested parties. The consultation attracted considerable interest, but after the submissions from orchestrated campaigns are discounted just over 100 responses remain. But who contributed and what did they say? To explore these two questions, this paper adopts a qualitative approach, using NVIVO, to analyse the responses to the consultation. We show that contributions were highly diverse, reflecting both the complexity of the issue as well as its politicised nature. A lack of agreement among the responses is revealed and divergent views on key issues like the appropriateness of 10 Mbps, whether this should change, how it should be funded or what technologies should be used exist. In this paper, we provide a critical discussion of and derive implications for the broadband USO. We tentatively conclude that those in rural and remote areas that the USO intends to help are caught between two countervailing forces – speed and cost deployment – that interact to ensure that whatever resolution to provide broadband access, some will likely be unhappy.     

Information but not consultation: exploring employee involvement in SMEs

Most research on employee involvement (EI) has focused on large or ‘mainstream’ organizations. By adopting those schemes which ‘appear’ to work well in larger organizations, smaller firms assume there will be enhanced employee commitment beyond formal contractual requirements. The main question in this paper is whether EI schemes designed by management will suffice under the 2004 Information and Consultation of Employees (ICE) Regulations. The paper focuses on SMEs which tend to favour informal and direct EI, and it remains unclear how these methods will be played out under the new regulatory environment. Evidence from four case studies is presented here and it suggests that the ICE Regulations impose new challenges for smaller firms given their tendency to provide information rather than consult with employees. It also appears organizational factors, workplace relations history and the way processes are implemented at enterprise level may be far more important than size itself.     

Ireland: contested precaution and challenged institutions

Irish policy on GMOs has generally cited precaution as its basis, although the official responses to marketing applications demonstrate a generally favourable attitude towards the technology. The official policy assumes that the current safety regulation can ensure that products reaching the market are safe, and that consumers can make their own ethical and political choices regarding GMOs, facilitated by full labelling of such products and ingredients. This view has been made more explicit with recent official statements. A national consultation process resulted in a report which strongly favours GM technology, but the whole process has been questioned by critics of GM crops. Many disagreements remain, particularly around the range of issues open to discussion. Many actors and organisations opposed to GMOs argue that the debate has been too narrowly focused on scientific aspects of health and environmental protection; they attempt to widen the scope to include other aspects, such as political and ethical concerns. This effort challenges the mediating institutions and their capacity to regulate an issue which involves uncertainty.     

实施教学科研咨询一体化 促进成人高等教育创新

教学、科研、咨询一体化是成人高等教育创新的有效实现途径。文章结合实际就成人高等教育教学、科研、咨询一体化的内在涵义、战略意义及其实施对策等方面进行了探讨。     

工程设计咨询服务效果的评价

我国工程设计咨询业同时面临着机遇和挑战，研究如何客观评价其咨询服务效果问题，以利于保证其咨询质量和提高咨询水平。章通过对工程设计特点的分析，建立了咨询服务效果评价的指标体系，提出了实用科学的评价方法——模糊综合评判法。     

国铁企业法律纠纷案件管理机制优化策略研究

国铁企业法律纠纷案件管理是铁路法治建设的重要组成部分,为全面提升法律纠纷案件管理水平,切实维护铁路合法权益,亟需针对相应管理机制进一步创新和优化,以适应国铁企业改革发展的需要。在对国铁企业法律纠纷案件管理机制现状及优化因素进行分析的基础上,提出创新主动维权方式、构建区域会商新模式、优化重点领域案例应对指引的国铁企业法律纠纷案件管理机制优化策略,通过制定主动维权工作指引、扩大案件区域会商参与主体范围、编写重点领域法律纠纷案件应对指引等措施,完善国铁企业法律纠纷案件管理体系,实现法律事务工作与铁路生产经营活动的深度融合。     

Bridging the gap between research and planning practice concerning landscape in Swedish infrastructural planning

A number of government documents provide for the fact that the surrounding landscape is to be considered when any infrastructure is built in Sweden. However, only certain aspects of the landscape are dealt within the various types of documents involved in the planning process. There has been considerable research into landscape, both in Sweden and abroad; unfortunately, however, this research has not been utilized by infrastructure planners. This paper discusses the reasons for this gap between research and planning practice as regards landscape, as well as problems with current infrastructure sector efforts concerning the landscape. Furthermore, the paper proposes ways in which current working methods can be changed by improving knowledge of the character of landscapes, a matter that is a structural element of the European Landscape Convention (ELC).     

在实施以德治国方略中切实发挥人民政协优势和作用

人民政协在以德治国方略的实施中，由于其性质、地位、任务、职’靶的特殊性，能够发挥特有的优势。人民政协是以德治国的中坚力量，应充分发挥其职能作用，推进民主政治建设，维护社会稳定，促进精神文明建设。     

Understanding participation in accounting standard-setting: the case of AASB ED 192 Revised Differential Reporting Framework

This paper explores the motives of participants in the standard-setting process, based on the premise that standard-setters strive for standards that are useful for decision-making by a wide range of financial statement users. Our setting is the development of a contentious but contained Australian accounting standard, Reduced Disclosure Requirements. A consultative process initiated by the Australian Accounting Standards Board to create a specific Australian accounting standard for differential reporting provided an opportunity for interested parties to participate. We analyse the motives of participants through semi-structured interviews with members of the Australian Accounting Standards Board and comment letter writers who responded to the relevant exposure draft. Our findings identify participants’ economic and political motivations and question the ability of the current standard-setting process to extract decision-making requirements from a wide range of users of financial statements and to reflect these in financial reporting standards. We find that the perspectives gathered are homogenised and that the process privileges the voices of powerful elites.