Linking turnover to organizational performance: the role of process conformance

ABSTRACT

Despite substantial evidence for the negative effect of turnover on performance, several studies also note offsetting positive effects hereby recognizing an optimal rate of turnover. These mixed results stress the need to examine under which conditions turnover is more harmful or beneficial to the organization. Using panel data from 30 divisions of the same agency, this study examines the impact of process conformance – the extent to which there are prescribed standards and rules related to the task. Results support a non-linear, inverted U-shaped relationship for those tasks with a high process conformance.     

Insider ownership and corporate performance: Evidence from the adjustment cost approach

This paper examines the relation between insider ownership and corporate performance in the presence of adjustment costs and investigates how the adjustment costs are determined. In a model specification without adjustment costs, we find that insider ownership is significantly positively associated with corporate performance. But once we allow for adjustment costs, the relationship no longer exists. We find that insider ownership and corporate performance can be explained by their respective lagged values and that many firm characteristics that were previously useful in explaining these two variables turn out to be statistically insignificant. In addition, there is no evidence that insider ownership and corporate performance affect each other. This is consistent with the adjustment cost argument. It is also consistent with the “endogeneity” argument suggested by Demsetz [Demsetz, H. 1983. The structure of ownership and the theory of the firm. Journal of Law and Economics 26, 375–390.], Demsetz and Lehn [Demsetz, H., Lehn, K., 1985. The structure of corporate ownership: causes and consequences. Journal of Political Economy 93, 1155–1177.], and Demsetz and Villalonga [Demsetz, H., Villalonga, B., 2001. The ownership structure and corporate performance. Journal of Corporate Finance 7, 209–233.]. Finally, we document that the speed of adjustment of insider ownership is positively related to insiders' market timing but negatively to the number of insiders and that the speed of adjustment of Tobin's Q is positively associated with financial leverage and stock price volatility.     

存款准备金率调整对商业银行流动性创造的影响研究——基于互联网金融冲击的情境

商业银行的超额准备金与法定存款准备金都存放在中央银行的特定账户上。二者之间此消彼长的关系,决定了中央银行可以依托调节存款准备金率来影响商业银行的流动性创造行为。本文着眼于存款准备金率政策实施的动态过程,通过整理2011—2018年20家商业银行的非平衡面板数据,采用系统广义矩估计(System-GMM)方法进行动态面板回归模型估计,考察以P2P为代表的互联网金融快速发展对大型国有银行与中小银行流动性创造的冲击与影响,实证研究证实存款准备金率对我国商业银行的流动性创造行为会产生显著影响。互联网金融的发展虽然对不同银行流动性创造水平的抑制存在一定的异质性差异,但是对银行总体流动性创造能力具有一定的抑制作用,因此会在一定程度上削弱存款准备金率政策作用效果。     

Tax effect on Spanish SME optimum debt maturity structure

This paper analyzes the influence of the tax effect on small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) debt maturity structure. This study builds a dynamic adjustment model which endogenizes optimum structure and assumes the existence of adjustment costs. Using Spanish data, the model is estimated using a system-GMM regression to a complete panel (11,028 firms) covering 1997-2004. SMEs adjust to their target at a speed of about 37% annually, the equivalent of employing about 20 months to cover only half of the existing gap. This rate is lower than those reported in other similar papers studying large companies with publicly tradable equity.     

A Monte Carlo study of growth regressions

Using Monte Carlo simulations, this paper evaluates the bias properties of estimators commonly used to estimate growth regressions derived from the Solow model. We explicitly allow for measurement error, country-specific fixed effects and regressor endogeneity. An OLS estimator applied to a single cross-section of variables averaged over time (the between estimator) performs best in terms of the extent of bias on each of the estimated coefficients. Fixed-effects and the Arellano–Bond GMM estimator overstate the speed of convergence under a wide variety of assumptions, while the between estimator understates it. Finally, fixed effects and Arellano–Bond bias towards zero the slope estimates on the human and physical capital accumulation variables, while the between estimator and the Blundell–Bond system GMM estimator bias these coefficients upwards.      

Institutional quality and human capital development in Africa

This study investigates the role of institutional quality in human capital development using a panel of 49 African countries over the period 1996–2018. The study employs a dynamic model based on a two-step system generalized method of moments. The results show that improving institutional quality promotes access to primary, secondary, and tertiary education overall and for females. In particular, government effectiveness, control of corruption and political stability, and the absence of violence, including terrorism, are the most important dimensions that foster human capital development. The results suggest that fostering these particular institutional quality dimensions is critical to improving human capital development in Africa.