关税减让政策对我国进口的影响

中国加入WTO后,关税减让协议的逐步实行对我国进口贸易产生了极大影响.研究结果表明,关税与我国进口贸易额之间存在着高度的负相关关系,在影响我国进口效应的诸多因素中.关税起到了主要作用,但并非唯一因素.而关税减让在影响我国进口商品结构方面的作用不大.可见,在优化我国进口商品结构方面还需要其他政策措施的辅助与调整.     

Information and its impact on consumers׳ reactions to restrictive return policies

Designing an effective return policy is a difficult task for retailers. A very restrictive return policy can keep logistic costs down and prevent fraudulent returns but it can also have a negative effect on consumer behavior. Two experiments explore the role of assortment-related information in moderating consumers׳ negative reactions to more restrictive product return policies. The results demonstrate that consumers will view an assortment characterized by a more restrictive return policy as attractive to the extent that the assortment supports the information processing strategy triggered by the return policy.     

Growth factors of store brands in different store formats in Italy

Since the beginning of the consumer crisis, which in Italy can be traced back to the second half of 2008, there has been a significant development of store brands? market share which has reached close to 25% in some leader groups (for example Coop, Conad, Esselunga). The acceleration of the rate of penetration of store brands differs by category and store format. The main reason for this result is the different consumer purchase behavior. In this framework, this work aims at analyzing the elements that have determined the store brands success in the main store format (hypermarket, supermarket, convenience store), through analysis of single retail mix levers management. The factors that have mostly influenced the growth in store brands, in each store format, are investigated throughout a complete informative retail database. The aim of this study is to verify whether the management of the individual retail mix levers produces the same results in different store formats. Additional enhancement to the understanding of store brands management and further support to modern distribution management policies are also provided. A relevant finding is that the performance of store formats depends on the use of specific retail mix levers.     

Allocating a hybrid retailer's assortment across retail stores: Bricks-and-mortar vs online

This paper develops an IP model to determine item allocation for a hybrid retailer's store network, comprising bricks-and-mortar and online stores. Products with low carrying costs are distributed between the bricks-and-mortar stores and the online store. Products with high carrying costs can be withdrawn from the bricks-and-mortar stores and made available exclusively at the online store where the inventory carrying costs are comparatively lower. This strategy assists the hybrid retailer to not only improve the profitability of its bricks- and-mortar stores but also to retain the custom of the market segment that is loyal to the items withdrawn from the traditional stores. In this framework, the online channel complements rather than competes with traditional channels. This model is used to conduct an extensive simulation study to analyze the impact of important business factors on system profitability.     

Effects of intra-brand competition between private labels and manufacturer brands: Empirical results from the Italian market

A proliferation of private labels in European food retailing has been evident for several years now. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of competition between manufacturer brands and private labels on assortment and pricing practices by Italian grocery retailers. Previous studies emphasized both pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects of private label development. In this study, within an empirical analysis based on scanner data from Symphony IRI Group, all fast moving consumer goods product categories are investigated over a period of two years (from September 2008 to September 2010). The empirical results indicate that in Italy there is no clear and strong evidence of decreases in manufacturer brands' assortments, prices, and turnover caused by a proliferation of private labels. In particular, analyzing at the same time all categories and all retailers' data in the Italian Market there is not much evidence for the existence of a strategic trade-off between manufacturer's and retailer's brands.     

Performance effects of category assortment and stock allocation decisions for a cash-and-carry wholesaler

This study develops and tests a model of how category assortment, category stock level and within-category stock allocation decisions might affect category sales and stock turnover and reflect category-varying levels of sales heterogeneity and sales volatility. In doing so, it addresses recent calls to consider multiple dimensions of assortment planning. It uses the cash-and-carry wholesaling setting to isolate non-space-related assortment planning and performance variables otherwise difficult to treat in a conventional retailing (e.g. supermarket) context. It develops a structural equation model of how category sales volatility and heterogeneity, as antecedents, might influence both category assortments and stock allocations and thus, in turn, influence category performance.     

Beyond plain vanilla: Modeling joint product assortment and pricing decisions

This paper investigates empirically the product assortment strategies of oligopolistic firms. We develop a framework that integrates product choice and price competition in a differentiated product market. The present model significantly improves upon the reduced-form profit functions typically used in the entry and location choice literature, because the variable profits that enter the product-choice decision are derived from a structural model of demand and price competition. Given the heterogeneity in consumers’ product valuations and responses to price changes, this is a critical element in the analysis of product assortment decisions. Relative to the literature on structural demand models, our results show that incorporating endogenous product choice is essential for policy simulations and may entail very different conclusions from settings where product assortment choices are held fixed.

Perceived assortment and consideration of customized products

Customization in the marketplace has become much more commonplace as information technology and flexible manufacturing systems continue to evolve. Consumer research into customization decisions has subsequently examined the implications of customization as compared to traditional assortment product offerings, finding that customization yields both positive implications for consumer preference matching as well as higher evaluations of retailers, chosen products, and even the process itself. The present research examines the implications that customization of products has on consumers’ decision processes, and on their perceptions of assortment and how they consider products. Two experimental studies suggest that customization decisions may negatively affect consumers’ perceptions of assortment, while also reducing the number of alternatives they consider, and that this in turn may have implications for their evaluation of, and willingness-to-pay for, customized products.     

阀门液控执行器模块化设计探讨

文章简述了阀门液控执行器的分类及配套现状,介绍了所采用的模块化设计方案,针对阀门的常用配套功能,将其共性部分建成基本的功能平台,而把各个特定的功能配置成不同的功能模块,并对功能的扩展、元件的选型以及各模块、元件的组合方式进行了探讨。     

视觉营销与消费者行为

感官营销对消费者决策有着越来越重要的影响,而视觉在五种感官中起主导作用,相关研究文献也越来越丰富,但这些丰富的研究成果并没有得到系统的梳理,不利于后续对该领域的深入研究。本文依据视觉营销维度的逻辑,对现有视觉营销文献中研究成果较为丰富的维度,也是营销实践中运用最多的维度:形状、光照、位置、陈列方式、视觉与其他感官(听觉、触觉、嗅觉和味觉)交互影响的文献进行了系统的梳理,即梳理了视觉营销上述各位维度对消费者心理和行为的影响,以期为视觉营销理论的深入研究提供框架性的文献指导。