An Examination of the Interaction Between Modelling and Its Relationship with Construction Kits: Lessons from the Past and for the Future

Construction kits have played a significant part in nurturing the growth and development of the minds and manipulation-based skills of children (and adults) in formal and non-formal education settings. These kits have origins rooted in the representation of the built world and now have a diversity of form and function, including technical versions with moving parts. This article examines some of the historically based ideas that lie behind the role that kits may have in terms of physical modelling. The article traces the transformation of kits from simple bricks and blocks into more complicated pieces for space-filling and achieving the transfer of forces and motion. This transformation occurred during the Victorian era when the influence of the ideas of educationalists and, perhaps rather strangely, exponents of early aviation, played major roles in determining the diversity of forms of construction kit and modelled possibilities that are now to be seen in classrooms and homes. The article ends with a review of some of the lessons from the past and present that will need to be considered in relation to concrete modelling in schools for the future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gestaltung der Abschlussprüferhaftung – Implikationen theoretischer Modelle

Business scandals such as Enron, WorldCom or Parmalat have sparked intense discussions on the quality of corporate governance as well as the trustworthiness of statutory auditors. It is therefore no surprise that regulators have issued a large number of new regulations concerning auditing. The civil liability of external auditors has not changed in Germany, but such changes have already been announced by the German government. An increase in the existing liability cap in cases of negligent misconduct and extended third-party liability are planned. As a consequence, the results of analytical research on this topic are highly relevant. This paper summarises and comments on prior analytical research, in particular its assumptions and results, and focuses on important elements for the design of a liability regime. To this end, the paper addresses the questions of joint–and-several vs. proportionate liability rules, negligent vs. strict liability regimes, the extent of third party liability, and limited vs. unlimited liability.     

瓦尔拉斯新古典一般均衡体系质疑

通过对瓦尔拉斯一般均衡体系由简单的生产交换经济到扩大的包含资本形成方程在内的经济体系的分析,指出一直标榜为现代主流新古典理论支柱之一的瓦尔拉斯一般均衡体系内部存在着一系列逻辑矛盾,从而表明它描述的只是一种差别利息率下的实物经济一般均衡,而并不是现实资本主义经济关系下为获取统一利润率竞争的货币经济均衡。     

民营资本的进入对我国风电产业发展的影响——基于断点回归的分析

为克服单差法存在变量内生性，倍差法对于控制组的严格要求往往无法得到满足，故文中采用断点回归的分析方法，在无对照组的情形下，对我国风电产业2012~2015年的资产总计、主营业务收入以及发明专利数月度数据进行实证研究，探究民营资本的进入对我国风电产业的影响。实证结果表明，从短期看，民营资本的进入对我国风电产业规模与技术效率具有统计上的显著正面作用，具有一定的经济意义；另外，这一机制的推行对产业创新产生了显著的负面作用。     

新型农村金融组织与县域经济协同发展研究

从当前发展现状来看,新型农村金融组织与县域经济未能互生互长,协同发展.在此情形下,建立新型农村金融组织与县域经济协同发展机制对推进两者互动发展有着重要的实践指导意义.在对新型农村金融组织与县域经济协同发展概述的基础上,分析两者协同发展要素,探讨两者协同发展的一般模式,深入研究两者协同的理想模式——门槛条件下新型金融组织深化的内生增长模型,并制定出两者协同发展路径.     

Live streaming commerce from the sellers’ perspective: implications for online relationship marketing

ABSTRACT

Live streaming has recently become a popular direct selling channel which offers small, self-employed sellers unseen levels of consumer interaction and engagement. While the extant research focused on consumer motivation and intention to shop via live streaming, little is known from the seller’s perspective. Indeed, the potential advantages of live streaming commerce are accessible to everyone, but sellers experience different levels of success with this medium. Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach, this study analyses Facebook data of live streaming sellers to assess the nature and extent of engagement metrics, and delineate the dynamic, interactive live streaming sales process. We identify four sales approaches and twelve strategies adopted in acquiring and retaining customers. This typology of sales approach representing seller-focused antecedents is mapped against the relationship process and outcomes to provide a framework for understanding relationship mechanisms in live streaming commerce.     

私家车从事网约车运营保险争议分析及应对

私家车辆从事网约车载客行为而引起了大量纠纷,结合法院判决和其中事实判断涉及诸多争议。私家车“变脸”网约车进行载客不一定都使得危险显著增加,有些只是兼职网约车司机,风险程度不符合危险显著增加的三个特性,重要性、持续性和未曾估价性。网约车载客与交通事故发生不是必然的因果关系,只是路线不确定和行驶频率增加造成事故风险增加,让保险公司承担全部责任显然违反合同和不符合法律规定,但保险公司直接拒赔商业险也有违对价平衡原则,显失公允。而采用比例原则较为合理,对于网约车这一新兴事物,相关的法律应该既是规制法也是促进法。横向考察域外有较为成熟的网约车保险,UBI车险可以考虑引入,将“人”的因素引入车险定价,具体而言,将考虑事故发生时被保险车辆的状态,以确定保险公司是否承担赔偿责任。     

基于生态位适宜度的区域创新生态系统与创新效率研究

由于区域内创新资源的有限性，区域创新生态系统中创新主体生态位之间的重叠程度对创新效率的影响愈发的显著，基于此本文运用生态位适宜度评价模型对我国30个省市 2011~2015 年的创新生态系统适宜度水平进行了测度，并分别与运用超效率数据包络分析法所测得的区域知识创新效率和产品创新效率进行了面板数据的回归分析。结果显示，区域创新生态系统的生态位适宜度对两个阶段的创新效率均具有正向的相关关系，但这种影响只具有短期的时间维度，并不存在两年及以上的相互作用。区域创新生态系统的对外开放会对产品创新阶段的创新效率产生负面影响，同时会促进知识创新阶段创新效率的提高。最后，在协调系统内部各生态位之间的发展关系时，应注重区域内经济发展水平对两个阶段创新效率的促进作用。     

企业目标管理的基本问题研究

目标管理是现代企业管理的一种创新。文中通过梳理、评析目标管理思想的内涵和四种常见观点,进而提出了第五种能全面涵盖前四种的综合观点——系统观,并对系统观中的关键要素进行论述。目标管理思想的三个关键维度反映出其创新性和科学性,但由于目标管理存在对象选择性,其成效大小依赖于企业内部的资源要素,因此在实施前应做好评估和管理创新工作。在企业目标管理中,目标设置、目标的实施与控制、目标考核、利益机制构建、反馈等是其主要环节,应特别加以重视。     

境外上市与企业投资效率

截至2021年11月,我国单独境外上市企业占到境外上市企业总数的88.32%,但单独境外上市的研究明显与该数据不匹配,研究数量缺乏。为扩充该方面研究,本文以2012~2020年单独在美国和中国香港上市的中资企业为研究对象,对境外上市与投资效率关系进行检验。实证结果发现,单独境外上市与境内上市企业相比投资效率更低,区分企业上市地点后发现,规模大、信息透明度低、存在代理成本的赴港上市企业比境内上市企业投资效率低,规模小、代理成本高、信息透明度低的赴美上市企业比境内上市企业投资效率低。通过机制分析发现,信息透明度、境外上市和非效率投资三者存在"遮掩效应",境外上市企业未能受到有效的信息约束。