茶叶交易中的信息问题及其市场纠正——着重于农残问题分析

茶叶交易中一些质量信息不对称是市场低绩效竞争中的主要根源之一。导致茶叶高农残的生产行为之所以存在，是因为残质量信息不易识别和农残责任的可转嫁性；高农残是茶叶市场失灵一种表现，解决的基本方式是政府干预或优化市场竞争结构，目前生产组织结构特点决定了政策监管低效性，因此通过茶业组织制度创新，建立一个将农残外部性成本内部化的市场机制，则能有效地消除茶叶农残问题。     

Impacts of price and exchange rate policies on pesticide use in the Philippines

Pesticide prices can influence producer decisions to apply pesticides as opposed to nonchemical means of pest control. Those prices are are turn influenced by price and exchange rate policies. The effective rate of protection for nine pesticides commonly applied to vegetables in the Philippines was calculated to determine whether government policies are creating incentives or disincentives to adopt more integrated pest management methods. Calculations found that direct price policies, primarily through an import tariff, tax pesticide use while an overvalued exchange rate subsidizes pesticide use. The net effect is a 6 to 8% pesticide subsidy. This subsidy results in economic surplus gains to vegetable producers and consumers when negative externalities associated with pesticide use are not accounted for. However, recent analysis of human health effects of pesticide use on rice in the Philippines demonstrates that these externalities can be substantial.     

玉米蛋白粉中高毒有机磷农药残留测定及基质效应研究

建立同时测定玉米蛋白粉中高毒有机磷农药甲胺磷、甲拌磷、毒死蜱、甲基嘧啶磷残留量的气相色谱分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取,用中性氧化铝和活性炭作为净化剂,采用DB-1型毛细管色谱柱及FPD检测器检测,并对检测中的基质效应现象进行研究。利用阴性样品空白基质配置标准曲线进行定量分析时,发现不同农药在玉米蛋白粉中的基质效应程度不同,其中个别农药在基质中受到保护。本方法避免了保留时间漂移、检测结果假阳性和峰型拖尾的问题,结果表明,测定4种有机磷农药残留量的线性范围均为0．1-0．5mg／L,相关系数为O．9974-0,9989,检出限为0．001-0．009mg／L,3个水平的加标回收率为80．20％．92．40％,相对标准偏差为0．70％．5．47％。     

Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high,middle and low income countries

We study levels and trends in agricultural pesticide use for a large cross-section of countries using FAO data for the period 1990–2009. Our analysis shows that a 1% increase in crop output per hectare is associated with a 1.8% increase in pesticide use per hectare but that the growth in intensity of pesticide use levels off as countries reach a higher level of economic development. However, very few high income countries have managed to significantly reduce the level of intensity of their pesticide use, because decreases in insecticide use at higher income levels are largely offset by increases in herbicide and fungicide use. The results also show very rapid growth in the intensity of pesticide use for several middle income countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Cameroon, Malaysia and Thailand. Complementing our analysis with data from the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), we show that hazardous pesticides covered in the PIC procedure are more weakly regulated in lower than in higher income countries. We discuss the policy challenges facing developing countries with a rapid growth in pesticide use and recommend a four-pronged strategy, including an environmental tax on pesticides with revenues allocated to long-term investments in awareness building, the development of integrated crop management methods and the setting of food safety standards. The interactions between these measures should help contribute to the effectiveness of the overall strategy package.     

我国农药制造业生产率增长的实证分析——基于DEA的Malmquist指数法

为探寻提高我国农药制造业生产效率的途径,运用DEA的Malmquist指数方法,从整体趋势和各省区角度定量考察了我国农药制造业增长过程中全要素生产率的增长状况,结果表明:从全国的平均时间序列数据来看,我国农药制造业全要素生产率是在波动中增长,全要素生产率的增长主要是技术进步的贡献,而制约技术效率改善的主要原因是规模效率的下降.所研究的全国二十八个地区,生产率基本上都得到了不同程度的增长,只有云南地区有所下降.就全国而言,农药增长的主要推动力量来自于农药生产率的提高.从动态演变来看,农药全要素生产率增长在农药增长中的作用日渐增强.     

中国农药产业国际竞争力的变动分析

本文通过计算国际市场占有率、贸易竞争力指数、显示性比较优势指数(RCA),比较了中国与部分国家农药产业的国际竞争力;利用迈克尔·波特的“钻石”模型理论,从中国农药产业的要素禀赋、国内需求、相关产业、产业组织、政府行为和机遇等六个方面,探究其竞争力形成的原因,分析其发展趋势;并提出提高我国农药产业国际竞争力的政策建议。     

气相色谱法测定水果、蔬菜中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

【目的】建立快速、准确测定水果、蔬菜中4种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的方法。【方法】微波加速反应系统提取农药残留,固相萃取（SPE）柱净化,毛细管柱气相色谱法-μECD检测器测定。【结果】可同时分离检测4种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留,检出限均可达到0．00μg／mL,甲氰菊酯在0．001-5μg／mL范围内、其他3种菊酯在0．001～10μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r〉0．9990;回收率为76．2％-105．9％,相对标准偏差为3．4％-12．0％。【结论】本方法灵敏度高、净化效果好、节省时间。     

Environinental and economic consequences of technology adoption: IPM in viticulture

The impact of integrated pest management (IPM) on pesticide use, toxicity and other environmental characteristics, yields, and farm profits is examined for grape growers. The method is generally applicable for technology adoption and accounts for self-selectivity, simultaneity, and theoretical consistency. IPM adopters apply significantly less insecticides and fungicides than nonadopters among grape producers in six states, accounting for most of the U.S. production. Both the average toxicity and the Environmental Impact Quotient decrease slightly with adoption of insect IPM, but remain about the same for adopters and nonadopters of IPM for diseases. The effect of IPM adoption on yields and variable profits is positive but only significant for the case of IPM for diseases, i.e., the adoption of IPM for diseases increases yields and profits significantly.     

Modelling pesticide risk: A marginal cost–benefit analysis of an environmental buffer-zone programme

A newly developed indicator of the pesticide risk for aquatic biocenosis in surface water bodies is applied within an economic sector model, and is used to evaluate alternative designs for an environmental policy programme. For rural districts (‘Landkreise’) across Germany, different widths of riparian buffer zones adjacent to surface water bodies are evaluated in terms of efficient cost/risk ratios.     

Valuing financial,health, and environmental benefits of Bt cotton in Pakistan

Data from a farm survey and choice experiment are used to value the benefits of Bt cotton in Pakistan. Unlike previous research on the economic impacts of Bt, which mostly concentrated on financial benefits in terms of gross margins, we also quantify and monetize health and environmental benefits associated with technology adoption. Due to lower chemical pesticide use on Bt cotton plots, there are significant health advantages in terms of fewer incidents of acute pesticide poisoning, and environmental advantages in terms of higher farmland biodiversity and lower soil and groundwater contamination. Farmers themselves value these positive effects at US$ 79 per acre, of which half is attributable to health and the other half to environmental improvements. Adding average gross margin gains of US$ 204 results in aggregate benefits of US$ 283 per acre, or US$ 1.8 billion for the total Bt cotton area in Pakistan.