发达国家草原生态补偿的国际经验与启示

目的 草原生态补偿对维护草原生态安全，推动草畜平衡，促进农牧民增收和牧区经济社会发展具有重要作用。研究发达国家草原生态补偿政策措施和实践经验，对促进我国草原生态补偿制度和政策的不断完善，实现草原保护与利用平衡具有重要借鉴作用。方法 文章梳理了美国、加拿大、澳大利亚及部分欧盟国家在草原生态补偿方面采取的政策、措施及实践，总结分析共性特点，借鉴有益部分提出我国草原生态补偿的建议。结果 为促进草原生态安全，同时保障农牧生产者的利益，发达国家主要从资金、技术、市场（保险、税收）等方面开展了草原生态补偿，具有长期性、完善性、弹性和差异性、协调性、多元化、联合性、严格性等特点。结论 针对我国草原生态补偿内容措施和标准较为单一（缺乏灵活性）、保障机制不健全、监管体系不够完善等问题，从发达国家经验中，得到提升法治地位、科学确定生态补偿制度、构建市场化多元化融资机制、健全监管体系和加强科技支持、鼓励多元主体参与等对我国草原生态补偿发展有益的启示。

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF GRASSLAND ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Grassland ecological compensation plays an important role in maintaining grassland ecological security, balancing grass protection and livestock development, increasing income of herdsmen and promoting the economic and social development of pastoral areas. This research aims to conduct an analysis on the study of international experience on grassland ecological compensation that was helpful for perfecting related policies and realizing the balance between grassland protection and utilization in China. Based on analyzing the policies and practical measures of grassland ecological compensation adopted by developed countries, such as United States, Canada, Australia and few EU countries, this paper summarized their common features, drew lessons and put forward policy suggestions for China. It was found that these countries implemented capital, technology, market(insurance, tax) policy measures that reflecting the characteristics of long-term, integrity, elasticity and difference, coordination, diversification, unity and strictness, so as to promote the safety of grassland ecology and protect the interests of agricultural and husbandry producers. Therefore, in view of the problems of relatively single compensation contents, measures and standards(inflexibility), imperfect corresponding guarantee mechanism, defective supervision system, etc.in China, the international experience brings beneficial enlightenment for China''s grassland ecological compensation development, including raising the legal status, scientifically determining the ecological compensation system, building a market-oriented and diversified financing mechanism, improving the regulatory system, strengthening scientific and technological support and encouraging the multi-subject participation.