劳动力规模、组织成本与农业生产合作组织演变——基于民国以来的历史分析

中国农业生产合作组织的演变具有显著的周期性特征和地域性差异,但是已有研究只是选择性地关注短期内农业生产合作组织的效率问题及其影响下的去集体化过程,或者只是简单地强调国家强制性制度安排下的合作化过程。本文认为,不同社会经济条件下的劳动监督成本和协调成本差异决定组织成本差异,组织成本差异决定各种农业经济组织的相对效率结构,因而决定农业经济组织的周期性演变及其多样化特征。进一步的研究表明:战争、气候灾难等消极性因素和人口死亡率下降、人口寿命延长等积极性因素是劳动力规模及其劳动监督成本波动的诱因,因而是农业经济组织长期性演变的终极决定因素。利用1911-2011年中国省级、县级的各类人口和合作社数据,本文从宏观层面初步验证了这种观点。

Labor Scale,Organization Costs and Evolution of the Agricultural Production Cooperation Organization:The Historical Analysis since the Republic of China

The evolution of agricultural production organization in china has two distinct characteristics:the periodic characteristics and the regional difference.However,the existing studies selectively focus on the short-term efficiency problems and the de-collectivization process under it,or simply emphasize the collectivization process under the national mandatory system arrangement.This paper points out that the difference between the labor supervision cost and the coordination cost under the different social and economic conditions decide the organization cost,and the difference of organization cost decides the relative efficiency structure of the agricultural production organizations,thus leads to the periodic evolution and its diversity.This paper points out that the negative factors such as war,weather shocks and the positive factors such as declining population mortality rate,extended life expectancy are the main reasons that result in the declining labor scale and the labor supervision cost,then leading to the change of agricultural production organization.Using china’s provincial and county level population and cooperative data for the period 1911-2011,we have partially confirmed the hypothesis from the macroscopical perspective.