谒陵仪式与民国政治文化

1925年孙中山逝世后遗体暂厝北京西山碧云寺，谒灵成为纪念孙中山的重要仪式。1929年，国民政府将孙中山灵梓奉安南京，敬谒中山陵成为最神圣的纪念仪式。为使全体国民崇拜孙中山，服务于政治统治，国民党开始制定严格的谒陵规范。每逢孙中山纪念日、重大节日、日常集会、文官考试、学生集训等，国民党及社会各界均举行谒陵仪式，中山陵遂成为民国时期最具有象征意义的政治空间，也成为具有凝聚力的民族主义象征符号。由于孙中山符号是重要的象征资本，民国政坛常常在孙中山灵前上演权力斗争的政治闹剧。国民党标榜遵从总理遗教、以三民主义为最高准则，但政治腐败，民生凋弊，谒陵遂成为人们表达对国民党不满的实践形式。总之，谒陵仪式是民国时期最为神圣、最具影响力的政治仪式，是民国政治文化不可或缺的组成部分。

Mausoleum Visit Ceremony and Politics and Culture in the Period of Republic of China

After Sun Yat-sen passed away in 1925, his body was laid in Biyun Temple in Peking. Since then, worshiping the spirit became an important ceremony to memorialize Sun Yat-sen. sent the coffin of Sun Yat-sen to Nanjing. In order to set Sun Yat-sen as an service to its ruligq, Kuomintang constituted rigorous criterion about worshiping n 1929, the National Government adoration of all citizens, providing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Kuomintang and all communities would hold ceremonies of paying respect to the Mausoleum every anniversary of Sun Yat-sen, important festivals, daily meetings, civil service examinations, and drills for students. In this way, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum became a political space with great symbolized meaning, and also became a cohesive representative symbol of nationalism in the Republic of China. Because the symbol of Sun Yat-sen was an important symbolic capital, political farces scrambling for power always performed before the Mausoleum. Kuomintang proclaimed that it obeyed Sun Yat-sen＇s thoughts and took Three People＇s Principles as the highest principle, however, political corruptions and the destitution of people＇s life drove the ritual of worshiping mausoleum into a practical form that people expressed their dissatisfaction towards Kuomintang. In a word, the ritual of worshiping the Mausoleum was the most holy and influential political ceremony, and also was an indispensable part of political culture during the period of Republican China.