丽江大研古城文化变迁中的“虚无”与“实在”:以酒吧发展为例

全球化背景下旅游业迅速发展,旅游目的地文化变迁日益显著,并引起人们的关注.作为世界文化遗产的丽江大研古城自旅游开发至今吸引了来自世界各地的大量游客,古城原生文化也经历着某种程度的变迁.文章在两次实地调研的基础上,综合运用访谈法和观察法,以古城酒吧发展的视角,探求反映古城文化变迁过程,并应用乔治·里茨尔“虚无”与“实在”理论分析古城酒吧发展过程中“虚无”与“实在”的表征及动因.

The "Nothing" and "Something" during the Cultural Changes in Lijiang Ancient Town:A Case Study of Lijiang Ancient Town’s Bars

In the context of globalization,tourism industry is developing rapidly.As a result,the culture changes in tourist destinations are increasingly significant,which has become a public concern.However,existing studies mostly focus on the socio-cultural impacts of tourism development,lacking theoretical explanations.American scholar,George Ritzer,developed a theoretical framework of "nothingness" and "somethingness" to analyze the growing globalization."Being nothing" is an important concept in sociology,which is defined by George Ritzer as "a social form without specialties and substance".He believes that the notion of "being nothing" is rapidly expanding in our social life under the background of globalization,including the field of tourism.This means the state of "being nothing" and/or "something" can be used to explain the phenomenon of culture changes in tourism destinations. Lijiang ancient town,UNESCO’s world cultural heritage site,has attracted many tourists from all over the world.However,its original culture has experienced some changes.Taking ancient town’s bars as an example,the appearance of the bars is the beginning of the petty culture which does not belong to Lijiang’s original culture.This is an impact of tourism on the original culture.The ancient town’s bars are expanding with the development of tourism,and bar streets are formed as a result.In the bar street,most bars have become a place for visitors to seek romance with other visitors,converting the original culture of encounters to somewhat deviant visitor behavior.This is another impact on the original culture.The changes of Lijiang’s original culture reflect the expansion of the notion of "nothingness",however,the ancient town’s bars have become another "business card" of Lijiang,representing the ancient town’s tourism culture.Therefore,for cultural tourism destinations,the interaction between "nothingness" and "somethingness" is more complicated. On the basis of interviews and observations from two field research trips,this thesis aims to study the process of culture changes in Lijiang,using the development of its bars as an example.By analyzing the notion of "nothingness" and "somethingness" in the development of bars,the authors try to discuss the driving forces of culture changes in Lijiang,with the following findings: First,the ancient town’s bars are "nothing" to Lijiang’s original culture,while they are "something" to Lijiang’s tourism culture.The bars being both "nothing" and "something" reflects the complication of Lijiang’s culture changes after tourism development. Second,the conversion from "nothing" to "something" in the development of bars in Lijiang is the result of the interactions between globalization and localization.Globalization boosts the expansion of bars as "being nothing",while localization adds specificities to the bars as "being something". Finally,tourism development is the root cause of the coexistence of bars being both "nothing" and "something",and of the dynamic conversions between the two modes.Tourism accelerates the speed of globalization.As a result,the local culture is becoming "nothing" gradually.However,seeking heterogeneous experience is a basic motivation of tourists;this means tourism destinations should maintain local characteristics.The motive for satisfying tourists’ demand turns "nothing" into another kind of "something".