欧美及东亚地区耕地轮作休耕制度实践：对比与启示

研究目的:归纳和分析欧美规模农业经济体和东亚小规模农业经济体轮作休耕的制度实践,为中国大陆地区建立和实行耕地轮作休耕制度提供借鉴。研究方法:文献研究法和分析比较法。研究结果:欧美国家和东亚地区均基于私有产权的体系框架,但实行轮作休耕的背景条件有所差异,制度目标也各有所侧重;轮作休耕政策较有弹性,其组织实施及管理与农业生产方式相适应;欧美国家主要依据土地生产率、租金、农业补贴等市场要素制定补偿标准,东亚地区则主要依据耕地等级和后继具体用途等资源要素制定补偿标准;欧美国家多有后期监管,东亚地区相对缺乏。研究结论:(1)中国大陆地区应基于粮食安全和生态文明建设要求合理确定轮作休耕的规模与布局;(2)结合区域农业资源禀赋和生态环境特点,设计差异化的区域休耕模式;(3)轮作休耕制度应与农地基本制度和改革要求相适应,充分尊重农户的主体地位;(4)立足平衡土地利用方式改变导致的收益损失等建立和完善补偿标准;(5)建立健全轮作休耕监管监测评价体系,保障轮作休耕制度有效实施。

The Comparison and Implications of Crop Rotation and Fallow in the Western Countries and East Asia

The paper aims to provide references for the pilot of crop rotation and fallow by analyzing and summarizing the practices in the Western Countries and East Asia. The methods employed are literature review and comparative analysis. The results showed that, based on the institutional frame of private property right, the institutional goal of crop rotation and fallow is mainly composed of regulating the agricultural capacity and preserving the ecological environment, but the background and the target are different between large-scale agricultural economic entity in Europe-America and small-scale agricultural economic entity in East Asia. The policy of crop rotation and fallow is flexible; the organization, implementation and management are adjusted with the modes of agricultural production accordingly. And for the compensation standards, the difference is that the standards of Europe and America mainly rely on market factors, like land productivity, rent and agricultural subsidy, while the standards of Japan and Chinese Taiwan rely on resource factors, like cropland grade, and specific use. In addition, Western Countries have many post supervision measures, but East Asia does not. In conclusion, given the actual situation of Mainland China, we should build moderate scale and layout of crop rotation and fallow based on the red line of food security and ecological civilization construction, and should design different regional modes of fallow. Meanwhile, based on basic farmland system and reform demand, we should sufficiently respect dominant role of rural households and protect their interests. At last, in order to guarantee effective implementation of crop rotation and fallow, we should also explore the more flexible compensation stimulation modes, and should build up the system of supervision, monitoring and evaluation.