The impacts of immigrants and institutions on bilateral tourism flows |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;2. Department of International Trade and Marketing, Gediz University, Izmir, Turkey;3. Department of Economics, Gediz University, Izmir, Turkey;4. Department of Economics and Finance, Vancouver Island University, Canada;1. The School of Aviation, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;2. Aviation Policy and Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong;1. School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China;2. Department of Economic and Management, Bengbu University, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, PR China;3. Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Decision-making & Information Systems Technologies, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China;4. Department of Information Management, Oriental Institute of Technology, Panchiao, New Taipei 220, Taiwan;1. Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK;2. Department of Economics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;3. Growth Economics, Inc., Galway, Ireland;1. Institute of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA;2. Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA;1. Department of Architecture, University of Leuven, Belgium;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium;3. Department D3A, University of Marche, Italy |
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| Abstract: | In this paper, we use data on recent bilateral tourism flow from 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries to 52 middle-to low-income countries for the period 1995–2010 to determine whether immigration, trade and institutional quality play a role in driving OECD nationals to visit immigrant-source countries. Except for the African countries, the results show that immigrants residing in OECD countries have a positive advertising effect for their home country, inducing tourism flows from OECD countries. We also find that the quality of institutions, along with freedom and civil liberty indices, are important in selecting tourism destinations. A massive 8% of the variation in tourism flows can be accounted for by these factors. These results hold for the subsample and the whole sample with two exceptions: European and African destinations. We posit that this feature of the data exists because European (African) countries are so similar to each other, and small differences in the indexes do not matter at the top (bottom) of the distribution. By controlling for gravity and macroeconomic stability variables, we also show that the trade flows between countries, among other factors, play a crucial and stable role on tourism flows. Dynamic panel data estimation is used to account for the influence of repeat visits and support our findings. |
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| Keywords: | Bilateral international tourism demand Gravity equation Immigrants Institutional quality Tourism receipts F24 F41 L83 |
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