农村应对突发公共卫生事件的多重困境与优化治理——基于典型案例的分析

农村突发公共卫生事件应急管理是乡村治理现代化的重要内容。本文通过对湖北省巴东县农村应对新冠肺炎疫情的实证分析,基于整体性治理理论,探究农村应对突发公共卫生事件的多重困境与优化路径。实证发现,农村应对突发公共卫生事件呈现出应急能力的薄弱性、应急处置的复杂性、公共危机的跨界性等特点,且大致可以分为初始期、发展期、调整期、成熟期四个阶段。当前农村应对突发公共卫生事件存在应急主体单一化、应急处置机制不健全、应急方式规范化法治化不足、资源保障体系薄弱、危机意识和应急意识缺位等困境。应构建多元化的危机治理格局,完善“上下联动,多向互动”的应急处置机制,推进应急方式法治化,优化资源保障体系,加强危机与应急意识教育普及,提升农村应对突发公共卫生事件的能力水平,真正实现由“应急管理”到“应急治理”的转变。

Multiple Dilemmas and Optimal Governance of Rural Response to Public Health Emergencies:An Analysis Based on Typical Cases

Rural public health emergency management is an important part of rural governance modernization.Based on an empirical analysis of rural response to COVID-19 in Badong County,Hubei Province,this article explores the multiple dilemmas and optimization paths of rural response to public health emergencies from the perspective of holistic governance theory.The empirical results show that rural response to public health emergencies has the characteristics of weak emergency response capacity,complexity of emergency response and cross-border nature of public crisis,and can be roughly divided into four stages:initial stage,development stage,adjustment stage and maturity stage.At present,there are multiple difficulties in rural response to public health emergencies,such as unitary emergency subject,unsound emergency response mechanism,insufficient standardization and legalization of emergency response methods,weak resource guarantee system,and absence of crisis awareness and emergency awareness.Therefore,the study proposes to build a diversified pattern of crisis governance,improve an emergency response mechanism of“up-down linkage,multi-directional interaction”,promote the legalization of emergency response mode,optimize the resource guarantee system and strengthen the popularization of crisis awareness and emergency awareness education,improve the ability level of rural response to public health emergencies,and truly achieve the transition from“emergency management”to“emergency governance”.