中印城乡不平等比较:经济学分析视角

从总体上看,目前中印两国农村内部不平等程度基本上差不多,但是两国收入分配不平等的历史变化和趋势不一样;中国城乡之间无论是收入差距,还是消费差距所反映的不平等程度都明显高于印度的不平等;中国是农村不平等大于城市不平等程度,而印度则是城市不平等大于农村不平等。导致这些结构性差异的原因主要是:印度的经济增长包括技术变化、对外开放、人力资本等因素对于城乡内部以及城乡之间、地区之间等收入不平等变化产生的影响和作用更大;而中国经济增长和对外开放等因素虽然对于收入不平等也有一定影响,但是政府的政策导向和理念(先富后富政策理念与城市和沿海偏向政策)则对于城乡内部以及同一地区内城乡之间的不平等的影响更大一些。

The Comparisons of the Rural-Urban Inequality between China and India: A Perspective of Economics

The main findings in this paper is that the two nations′ rural inequality would be much similar basically, but the distribution of income or consumption is the characteristics of some regional differences in the two nations. China′s rural-urban gaps are bigger than that in India, and also. China′s rural inequality is much higher than that in India. But the latter′s urban inequality is much more serious than that in China. Some institutional factors (like Hukou) and the government′s policy bias play an important role in China′s rural inequality and its changes, while economic structure and unbalanced growth, poor education play much more role in India′s inequality and its trends. Some other social factors, such as caste, which affect social inequality, should not be neglected in India.