土地犯罪的多维解读

通过对土地犯罪的立法状况、概念、构成、刑事责任及司法操作的解读，笔者认为土地犯罪的犯罪客体应立足于生态环境；其中非法批准征用、占用土地罪的主体应该包括村干部；非法占用农用地罪是结果犯，两个“量”是选择要件，只要具备一个“量”就构成此罪；土地犯罪的刑事责任应当与其他相似的罪刑事责任匹配；在司法操作中要把征用与征收区分开来，要把握好非法低价出让国有土地使用权的“低价”标准．及此类罪的立案标准。

Innovation in Forward Trading Pattern of Bulk Commodities and Legal Issues

Forward trading of bulk commodities is a new trading pattern in the process of the development of spot market, which embodies the requirements of modern e-commerce and Internet technology. On the basis of practice, this paper analyses the three representative trading patterns of forward trading of bulk commodities at different stages, their respective innovations and advantages and disadvantages. In addition, it elaborates on the legal issues in the trading market and trading patterns, and makes specific recommendations to standardize and guide forward trading of bulk commodities.