美国煤电合约特点及对我国的启示

从交易成本经济学的角度来看,煤炭产业和电力产业适合选择长期合约的合作方式。以美国煤电合约为研究对象,分析在20世纪80年代后美国煤电合约期限缩短(即由原来长期合约为主变为5年期以下的合约占主导)的原因。从以下三个方面对此现象做出解释:能源市场波动削弱了煤炭企业的谈判势力;电力市场放松管制增强了电力企业的谈判势力;其他政策法规产生约束作用。最后结合我国煤电合约现状,借鉴美国构建稳定煤电关系的经验,为缓和我国煤电矛盾提出如下建议:加快实现竞价上网,放松发电企业管制;完善合约条款设置;转变政府参与角色。

Coal-Power Plant Contract in America and Its Enlightenment to China

In the aspect of transaction economy,the long term cooperation between coal industry and electrical industry should be established.This paper takes the contract between coal firms and power plant firms as the research object.And it explains the phenomenon that coal-power plant contract duration in America which is mainly long-term contracts takes on the tendency of be shortened after 1980s.And it considers:the volatility of energy market weakened the negotiation power of coal firms;the deregulation of electricity industry strengthened the negotiation power of electricity power plants;the restrain of other regulations.Finally,based on the current situation of coal-power plant contract duration in China,predominantly of short-term contract,especially the one year contract duration,and adopting the experience of America,it puts forward some advices for relaxing the contradiction between coal industry and electricity industry,as following:to accelerate the realization of bidding system and to deregulate the power plants;to improve contract clause;to change the role of government.