自然保护区"封闭式"保护合理性研究——西双版纳亚洲象肇事事件反思

通过梳理中国自然保护区“封闭式”保护的演进逻辑,结合云南省西双版纳自然保护区“封闭式”保护模式案例,讨论该地野生亚洲象肇事事件的成因。结果发现,西双版纳自然保护区的“封闭式”保护模式为野生亚洲象保护事业做出了极大的贡献,象群数量增多。但是,这种保护方式,一方面忽略了已有的人象相处模式,另一方面没有加入对亚洲象生存空间承载力的考量,进而造成了亚洲象食物来源减少、生存空间岛屿化等问题,导致亚洲象与周边社区冲突不断。因此,十分有必要重新审慎这种模式的不合理之处,探索“封闭式”保护的突破口。

Study on the Rationality of “Closed” Protection Model in Nature Reserve: Reflections on the Incidents of the Asian Elephants in Xishuangbanna

⑴ Background——In terms of scope selection of national park,the nature reserve is the earliest development system in China with the best protection effect.It can be seen that the development model of nature reserves will directly affect the construction of national parks in China.Therefore,it is very important to discuss the governance model of nature reserves.⑵ Results——This paper sorts out the relevant manifestations of the "closed" protection mode of nature reserves in China,and finally selects Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve as a case to find a breakthrough in the protection mode of China's protected areas.The "closed" protection mode mentioned in this article,as its name suggests,is to guard against the object of protection and prohibit all development and utilization.This protection mode is the current protection mode of nature reserves in China.China's "closed" protection thought has experienced the stage of prohibition of logging and hunting,the stage of prohibition of production and life,and the stage of no-man's land.According to the case of Xishuangbanna,the "closed" protection mode of Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve has made great contributions to the protection of wild Asian elephants,especially ensuring the increase in the number of elephants,but this protection has not been done.To respect the existing mode of interaction between people,the migration of the aborigines and the excessive expansion of the periphery,neglecting the consideration of the carrying capacity of the elephant's living space,resulting in the failure of the management of the surrounding area of the protected area,thereby aggravating the islandization of the wild elephant living space.This has caused a constant conflict between wild elephants and surrounding communities.⑶ Conclusions and Discussions——The article finds that the "closed" protection model has made great contributions to the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province,and has made outstanding achievements in the Xishuangbanna Protected Area ecosystem and wildlife protection.However,any policy has its two sides.Due to the islanding of the living space of Asian elephants,Asian elephants have frequently caused wounding incidents in recent years.The article believes that due to the expansion of human activities around the protected area and the periphery,the bio-corridor of the Asian elephant has been cut off,and the original Jinghong-Mengla migration route of elephants has been gradually blocked,making its living space gradually islanding,which forced Asian elephants are out of the reserve.In addition,various forest laws and regulations attach great importance to forest fire prevention,and the fire-free management method has greatly affected the effective replacement of grasses and vines in the forests,and blocked the main source of elephant food.The direct cause of the wild elephant anecdote.Therefore,based on the irrationality of this model,it is necessary to explore the breakthrough of "closed" protection,namely: rationally delineate the scale of protection based on the ecosystem capacity; respect the traditional use of the community,and build a symbiotic relationship between human and ecosystem; restore the true and complete natural ecosystem.