区域旅游一体化能实现吗？——基于Salop模型的SPNE研究

文章基于Salop圆周城市模型, 在区域旅游产品特征及区域旅游合作方式分类的基础上, 研究区域旅游一体化的最佳合作方式及实现条件; 考虑区域旅游地合作方式对利润及旅游产品价格的影响, 通过区分区域旅游地的资源导向和市场及形象导向型两种常见情况, 引入两阶段博弈法, 按照两种区域旅游利润最大化的合作方式分别进行求解。结果表明：区域旅游合作是基于旅游产品的差异、同质化程度, 采取不同的协调方式进行的, 主线是促进差异化, 控制同质产品的内部竞争力;追求各自利润最大化下的契约式合作是区域旅游合作的最佳方式。如果政府间要实行行政组织一体化策略, 则只有在各旅游地旅游产品同质化时才易推行, 但是这种竞争状态并不稳定;区域旅游一体化是要利用行政力量削弱行政壁垒, 倡导市场要素流动的无障碍化。

Can Regional Tourism Integration Be Realized？SPNE Analysis based on the Salop Model

Regional cooperation and regional integration have long been thought necessary because of the existence of the “regional dividend”. In the last 10 years, regional tourism cooperation （RTC） has been developing very quickly among the different levels of government in China, becoming also an important issue in the Chinese research circle. In spite of this situation, however, RTC among all levels of government and tourism enterprises still presents major obstacles in China because of the difficulty in balancing benefits among members in the whole region. This fact forces us to consider whether regional tourism integration can be realized and what would be the best ways to promote RTC. One key to solving the problem would be to eliminate negative externality. As is widely known, in Western economics, there are two ways to solve the problem of negative externalities. The first is to reach an agreement among different members by signing a contract with terms agreeable to all parties. The second is to reach an internalization of externalities, which would mean an administrative organization integration.This should be done for RTC. Furthermore, through analysis of RTC in China, we came to the conclusion that the preferred RTC mode should include both solutions. This paper researched all possible cooperation results and implementation conditions of regional tourism integration based on the Salop circle city model and a Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium analysis, based on the classification of regional tourism products and RTC mode. After considering the RTC mode on profit and tourism product price effect, classifying it into the maximum of regional total profit for each member, and differentiating resource-oriented tourist destinations from market- or image-oriented ones, the paper then discusses six situations according to two kinds of regional tourism cooperation modes. The results show the following. First, regional tourism adopts different coordination modes based on the degree of tourism product differences or homogeneity, whose main line is to promote differentiation, controlling the competitive power of homogeneous products. Second, the best way to ensure regional tourism cooperation is through a joint contract in the pursuit of profit maximization. If related government entities implemented integration strategies for administrative organizations, it would only have to be done when regional tourism products show homogenization, rather than on a regular basis. Third, regional tourism integration means weakening administrative barriers by using administrative power to advocate factor mobility free from obstruction. For other constant cases, the key to realizing regional tourism integration in the tourism industry is for all levels of government and enterprises to continuously improve the circulation conditions of tourism products and tourism capital based on the theory of circulation, such as there not being a difference between local cities and other cities within the region, to establish different branches of tourism and to collect the toll and transfer the related funds.