| Abstract: | From the late 1940s to the early 1970s Andrews, Downie, Penrose and Richardson contributed to reassessments of Marshall's explanation of industrial organization. Each author emphasizes a particular aspect of industrial organization — internal and external organization, innovation, and cross-entry — and each elaborates Marshall's much discussed notion of evolutionary principles. Marshall sought coordination of developing knowledge and feared atrophy through concentration, drawing evidence from empirical studies of firms succeeding one another. The post-Marshallians undertook research in an age of larger joint stock companies, and drew conclusions, varying from optimistic to pessimistic, concerning the role of competition in shaping economic development. |
