经济学中演化分析和均衡分析的历史争论与现实反思

在经济现象的产生和发展上，经济学界长期存在两种解释思路：一是基于异质性个体互动的基础之上的动态演化分析，这是以有机的、动态的和开放的世界观为基础的结构主义思路，它把行为主体看成是异质的；二是基于同质性个体假设基础上的静态（或比较静态）均衡分析，这是以机械的、静态的和封闭的世界观为基础的新古典主义传统，它强调行为主体的同质化。显然，现代经济学的基石就是一般均衡理论，因而静态均衡分析也就是现代经济学的基本方法；在均衡框架下，现代经济学研究理性经济人如何按照效用最大化原则实现资源最优配置。但是，这种均衡分析用于分析现实时却遇到非常严峻的问题：一者，它所依赖的假设条件是非现实；二者，无法考察人类行为和经济现象的动态演化。因此，现代主流经济学也正面临着严峻的挑战。

Dynamic Evolition or Static Equilibrium？ --Historical Evolution and Realistic Examination in Economics

There are two main paths to comprehend economic phenomenon. One is dynamic evolution analysis based on the interaction of heterogenetic individual, which also is structuralism approach based on organic, dynamic and open weltanschauung. Another is static equilibrium analysis based on the postulate of homogeneitic individuals, which is the neoclassicism tradition based on mechanical, static and closed weltanschauung. Obviously, general equilibrium theory is the cornerstone of modem economics, so static equilibrium analysis is its basic method. In equilibrium model, modem economics studies on how economic man achieves the optimum allocation of resources following the principle of utility maximization. However, this equilibrium analysis comes up against serious problems when it analyses the reality. One is that the assumption it depends on is unreality, another is that it cannot discover the dynamic evolution of human behaviors and social phenomenon. As a result, modem mainstream economics is facing with severe challenges.