自然保护地自然资源资产产权制度现状辨析

“建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系”是党的十九大所提出的国家公园体制建设的新方向。实现自然保护地的有效保护管理是其重要内容,关键在于通过改革形成科学、合理的自然资源资产产权制度,而厘清自然资源资产产权制度的现状则是进行改革的前提。首先,对现行法律进行系统梳理,明确法律所认定的自然保护地中的自然资源类型。其次,从自然资源的产权种类及所有权改变、用益物权流转三方面总结了自然保护地自然资源资产的产权制度现状。再者,从各类自然保护地申报设立的条件和环保督查中反映出来的问题两方面入手分析了自然保护地的自然资源保护管理现状,从国家公园体制试点采取的措施出发分析了目前的改革探索,并提炼出自然保护地自然资源资产产权制度存在的四大问题,即自然资源资产产权的界定和要求较局限、自然资源所有权行使人虚位、公权与私权的利益协调机制不健全、改革探索中物权途径面临制度障碍。最后,从自然资源资产产权制度设计的角度提出了改革的4个方向。

Discrimination and Analysis of the Status Quo of Property Rights System of Natural Resource Assets in Natural Protected Areas

"Develop a nature reserves system composed mainly of national parks" is a major strategic plan from the Xi Jinping''s report at 19th CPC National Congress. It is very important to realize the effective protection and management of natural protected areas, the key is to form a scientific and reasonable natural resource property rights system through reform, and clarifying the current situation of natural resource property rights system is the premise of reform. Firstly, the types of natural resources in the natural protected areas identified by the current law are clearly stated. Secondly, it summarizes the status quo of the property rights system of natural resource assets from the aspects of property rights types, ownership changes and the transfer of usufructuary rights. Furthermore, it analyzes the protection and management of natural resources in nature reserves from two aspects, one is the condition for the application and establishment of various nature reserves, and the other is the problems reflected in the environmental supervision. Based on the measures taken in the China''s pilot project of national park system, this paper analyzes four major problems of the current reform exploration and summarizes in the property rights system of natural resources in natural protected areas, such as the connotations and requirements of property right of natural resources assets are limited, no effective entity can exercise ownership of natural resources, the interest coordination mechanism between management right and property right is not perfect, and the approach of real right faces institutional obstacles. Finally, the four reform directions of the property rights system of natural resources in natural protected areas are proposed.