少数民族传统节事商品化:行动主体及微观权力运作

文章以云南省元阳县哈播长龙宴为案例,通过参与式观察和半结构化访谈,借助行动者网络这一分析工具,在福柯微观权力观的指导下剖析传统节事在旅游开发背景下商品化的发展过程,以及目的地社区的日常生活政治。研究发现:①少数民族节事旅游商品化是一个动态的发展过程,行动者网络中的利益主体角色发生变化,网络结构处于持续调整的状态。②政府借助行政征召的手段主导传统节事商品化发展,其核心地位在商品化发展过程中发生动摇。社区居民在旅游发展中的行动逻辑受多重因素影响,坚守传统文化以及追求经济利益是传统文化领袖和社区居民参与少数民族节事旅游发展共同的驱动力。社区的权利抗争一定程度上维护族群精神信仰。③传统节事商品化发展应重视少数民族社区的主体性,平衡社区和其他行动者之间的关系,选择适合少数民族地区的旅游发展道路。

The Commercialization of Minority Ethnic Traditional Festivals:Actors and Their Micro-Power Practice

The encounter of local tradition and modern tourism industry has changed ethnic traditional festivals. From the perspective of micro-power, the authors employ actor network theory and non-policy based rightful resistance to analyze the dynamic process regarding the commercialization of Long-street Banquet in Habo Village of Yunnan Province. The authors have conducted the fieldwork since 2015, using participatory observation and semi-structured interviews to explore the power relations and interactions among the local administration, religious leaders and local residents in ethnic tourism context. This study indicates that firstly, the commercialization of ethnic festivals is a dynamic process. The actors’ roles are changing and the network structure is in a state of continuous adjustment. Secondly, the government has used administrative orders to dominate the commercialization of traditional festivals, but its core position has been challenged in the process. Sticking to traditional culture and pursuing economic interests are the common driving forces for both religious leaders and local residents to participate in the commercialization of ethnic festivals and tourism development. The non-policy based rightful resistance of local residents reflects the spiritual beliefs of the ethnic group to a certain extent. Thirdly, the commoditization of traditional ethnic festival should respect the subjectivity of local communities, balance the relationship between multiple actors and communities, and develop a sustainable path for tourism development in ethnic minority areas. This study reveals the detailed negotiations and conflicts among multiple actors in different stages regarding the commercialization of traditional festivals and provides a new approach of understanding the complexity of ethnic festival commercialization. The results suggest that ethnic minorities are active agencies and local elites should properly deal with conflicts of interests.